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Neuroscience Fundamentals > 1. The Nervous System > Flashcards

1. The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the brain weigh?

A

1.5 kg

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2
Q

The brain consists of ___

A

billions of tiny cells

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3
Q

The human brain enables us to ___ , ____ , ____

A

sense the world around us, think, and to talk

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4
Q

The disciplines that Neuroscience includes…

A

Molecular biology, experimental psychology, anatomy, physiology, and and pharmacology

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5
Q

Neuroscience

A

The science of the brain

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6
Q

The brain’s building blocks are:

A

nerve cells

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7
Q

Nerves are connected together in ____

A

networks

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8
Q

These networks are in a constant state of ___ and ___ activity

A

electrical and chemical activity

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9
Q

The brain can ___ and ___

A

see and feel

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10
Q

The brain can sense ___ and its ___ tricks help control uncomfortable effects of pain

A

pain, chemical

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11
Q

The brain has several ___ to devoted to co-ordinating our movements

A

areas

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12
Q

When genes go wrong individual can develop ___

A

dyslexia

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13
Q

Neuronal plasticity

A

A process called neuroplasticity: similarities between how the brain
develops, and the mechanisms responsible for altering the connections between
nerve cells later on

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14
Q

Plasticity is thought to underlie ___ and ___

A

learning and remembering

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15
Q

Techniques changing the face of neuroscience

A

Special electrodes that can touch the surface of cells,
optical imaging, human brain scanning machines, and silicon chips (containing
artificial brain circuits)

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16
Q

Glial cells

A

A type of cell that provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment. Located in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, glial cells are sometimes called the “glue” of the nervous system, as well as neuroglia or just glia

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17
Q

The 3 kinds of neurons are…

A

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

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18
Q

The nervous system consists of the ____ , ____ , and ____

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

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18
Q

The nervous system is made up of cells called ____

A

neurons

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19
Q

The supporting cells are called _____ cells

A

glial

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20
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Coupled to receptors specialized to detect and
respond to different attributes of the internal and external
environment.

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21
Q

The sensory receptors are sensitive to changes in ___ , ____ , ____ , and ___ stimuli subserve the sensory modalities of vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste

A

light, sound, mechanical and chemical stimuli

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22
Q

When mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli to the skin
exceed a certain intensity;

A

They can cause tissue damage.
and a special set of receptors called nociceptors are
activated; these give rise both to protective reflexes and to
the sensation of pain

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23
Q

What special receptors are activated when stimuli reaches a certain intensity on the skin?

A

Nociceptors

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24
Q

Nociceptors are…

A

Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera.

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25
Q

When mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli to the skin
exceed a certain intensity;

A

They can cause tissue damage.
and a special set of receptors called nociceptors are
activated.

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26
Q

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to the ___ of pain

A

protective reflexes and to
the sensation of pain

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27
Q

Motor neurons, which control ___ activity, are
responsible for all forms of ___ including ____.

A

muscle activity, behaviour, speech

28
Q

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to ___ of pain ____

A

protective reflexes and to
the sensation of pain

29
Q

Interposed between ___ and ____ neurons are _____.

A

Sensory, motor neurons, interneurons

30
Q

Interneurons are the most ____

A

numerous

31
Q

What special receptors are activated when stimuli reaches a certain intensity on the skin?

A

Nociceptors

31
Q

Interneurons mediate ____ as well as being responsible for the ______

A

Simple reflexes, highest brain functions

31
Q

Nociceptors give rise to both ___ reflexes and to ___ of pain ____

A

protective reflexes and to
the sensation of pain

31
Q

Nociceptors are…

A

Sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage and indirectly also respond to chemicals released from the damaged tissue. Nociceptors are free (bare) nerve endings found in the skin, muscle, joints, bone and viscera.

32
Q

Glial cells make an important contribution to the _____ system development and ____ in the adult brain

A

Nervous system development and function in the adult brain.

33
Q

Glial cells are more numerous, they don’t transmit ____, the way ____ do

A

information, they way neurons do

34
Q

Neurons have a structure consisting of a ____ and 2 additional ____ ; “processes”

A

cell body, compartments; “processes’

35
Q

One set is called an ___

A

Axons

36
Q

Axons

A

Transmit info from the neuron on to others to
which it is connected.

37
Q

The other set is called; _____

A

dendrites

38
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive the info being transmitted by
the axons of other neurons.

39
Q

Both processes (axons/dendrites) participate in specialized contacts; ______

A

Synapses

40
Q

Neurons are organized into _____
and _____ that are the pathways through which
information in the nervous system is transmitted.

A

Complex chains, networks, pathways,

41
Q

The brain and spinal cord are connected to ____ and ____ through long ____ that
make up the ____ nerves.

A

Sensory receptors/muscles, axons, peripheral nerves

42
Q

The 2 functions of the spinal cord;

A
  1. Simple reflexes (the knee
    jerk and the rapid withdrawal of a limb from a hot object)
  2. Complex reflexes (Highway between the body and the brain for information
    travelling in both directions)
43
Q

The ____ of the human brain distinguishes it. A result from the increase in the # of ____ over the course of evolution– providing wide variety of reactions to the environment.

A

large size, number of interneurons

44
Q

The brain consists of; _____ and ____

A

Brain stem and the cerebral
hemispheres

45
Q

The brain stem is divided into ___, ____, and a
‘between-brain’ called the ____.

A

Hind-brain, mid-brain, and diencephalon.

46
Q

The hind-brain is an extension of the ______

A

Spinal cord

47
Q

The hind-brain contains ____ of _____ that constitute centres for the control of vital
functions such as _____ and ______.

A

networks of neurons, breathing and blood pressure

48
Q

Arising from the roof of the hind-brain is the
____, which plays an absolutely _____ in the
_____ and _____ of movements

A

Cerebellum, central role, control/timing

49
Q

The ____ contains groups of neurons, each of which seem
to use predominantly a particular type of _____.

A

Midbrain, chemical messenger

50
Q

The diencephalon is divided into 2 very different areas
called the ____ and the _____

A

Thalamus and the hypothalamus:

51
Q

The thalamus
relays ____ from all sensory systems to the ____ ____, which in turn sends messages back to the thalamus.

A

Impulses, cerebral cortex

52
Q

Info travels back and forward in the brain

A

TRUE

53
Q

The hypothalamus controls functions such as ___ and
____, and it also regulates the release of _____
involved in sexual functions.

A

eating/drinking, hormones

54
Q

The cerebral hemispheres consist of a core, the ___ ____

A

Basal ganglia

55
Q

____ ____ of the cerebral cortex; an extensive but thin surrounding sheet of
neurons.

A

Grey matter,

56
Q

The basal ganglia play a central role in the ____ and
____ of movement.

A

initiation and control of movement

57
Q

The basal ganglia play a central role in the ____ and
____ of movement.

A

initiation and control of movement

58
Q

In limited skull space; cerebral cortex
is thrown into ____ that weave in and out; large SA for neuron sheets

A

folds

59
Q

Cerebral cortex woven into folds; this ____ ____ is the most highly
developed brain area area in humans

A

Cortical tissue,

60
Q

Cortical tissue divided into large # of discrete
areas, distinguishable in terms of its ____ and
_____.

A

layers/connections

61
Q

The ____ from the sensory receptors to the cortex and
from cortex to the muscles ____ from one side to the
other.

A

Pathways, crossover

62
Q

Thus ______ of the right side of the body are
controlled by the left side of the cortex, vice versa. (ex. sounds in the
left ear mainly reach the right cortex)

A

movements

63
Q

2 halves of the brain don’t work in isolation - left/
right cerebral cortex are connected by a large fibre tract called the ____ ____

A

Corpus callosum

64
Q

The cerebral cortex is required for ____ actions,
language, speech and ____ functions such as thinking/remembering.

A

voluntary, higher,

65
Q

Speech is
lateralized in the left hemisphere in most people

A

TRUE

Neuroscience Fundamentals (19 decks)

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