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Test 3: Micro > Test 3: Worms and Flukes > Flashcards

Test 3: Worms and Flukes Flashcards

1
Q

Which of these are considered parasites in the field of infectious diseases?
a. protozoans
b. bacteria
c. some insects
d. a & c
e. all of these

A

D. protozoans and some insects

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2
Q

What is the biggest group of worms?

A
  • nematodes (giant roundworm)
    ascaris lumbicodes
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3
Q

What are the big 3 soil transmitted diseases?

A
  • giant roundworm
  • hookworm
  • whipworm
  • 4th: threadworm with endogenous/atuo-reinfection ability meaning it can multiply without going outside the body and multiply in the soil
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4
Q

What are the other 2 types of worms?

A
  • tapeworms
  • flukes
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5
Q

What can cause more human disease than any other infection?

A
  • worms and flukes to low CDC reportability
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6
Q

What is the main distinction of hookworm?

A
  • actively seeks human host by living on plant and going through human foot
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7
Q

What is the most important nematode worms?

A
  • common roundworm: ascaris lumbridcoides (most common in tropics)
  • whipworm: trichuris trichiura
  • hookworm: necator Americanus and ancylostoma duodenale
  • threadworm: strongyloides stercoralis
  • pinworm: enterobius vermicularis (most common in US)
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8
Q

What is the most successful human parasite?

A

nematodes

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9
Q

How common are soil transmitted helminths in US?

A

no one knows

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10
Q

What is the #1 US prevalence worm?

A
  • pinworms: enterobius vermicularis
  • small, white
  • humans are only host for the entire life cycle
  • to lay eggs: requires more oxygen iso female will emerge from any and lay them on skin at night and dies
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11
Q

What is the habitat and transmission of pinworms: enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • more often in urban areas (highest in US)
  • fecal-oral route from surfaces or by swallowing dust
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12
Q

What is the epidemiology of pinworms: enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • most common parasite in US
  • almost all children infected with siblings in same household infected
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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pinworms: enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • intense itching of perineal area
  • resolves about 6 weeks
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14
Q

What is the dx, tx, and prevention of pinworms: enterobius vermicularis?

A
  • dx: scotch tape
  • tx: pinworm medicine: pyrantel, petroleum jelly can prevent eggs from getting oxygen
  • prevention: hand washing and normal hygiene
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15
Q

What is the #2 US associated but #1 medically important helminth in the US and world?

A
  • nematode common roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes
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16
Q

What is the distinctive features of nematode roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes?

A
  • large roundworm
  • most abundant in tropics
  • unusual and lung migration
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17
Q

What is the habitat and transmission of nematode roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes?

A
  • Southeast Asia
  • eggs are resistant to chemical inactivation but susceptible to sunlight so must incubate several weeks in warm soil to become infectious
  • can remain viable for years
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18
Q

What is the epidemiology nematode roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes?

A
  • human waste as fertilizer and consuming veggies
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19
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of nematode roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes?

A
  • larva inside eggs are ingested from contaminated soil
  • hatch in small intestine and larva burrow through wall and carries to lungs in blood
  • size of the adult can block intestine or ducts/perforations but with many worms
  • if few= asymptomatic
  • symptoms: insomnia, GI problems, malnutrition
  • infection untreated: 1-2 years which is the life span of the adult
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20
Q

What is the dx, tx, and prevention of nematode roundworm: ascaris lumbricodes?

A
  • dx: eggs seen in stool specimens with clearly visible adult
  • tx: mebendazole
  • prevention: improved sanitation of human waste disposal
21
Q

What is #3 US associated helminth?

A
  • hookworm: necator americanus
22
Q

What are the distinctive features of hookworm: necator americanus?

A
  • motile larva that penetrates skin (typically foot)
  • much smaller, usually asymptomatic
  • no damage but attachment and such blood could cause anemia
23
Q

What is the habitat and transmission of hookworm: necator americanus?

A
  • widespread mostly tropics
  • eggs are restraint in soil and must be warm. susceptible to sunlight
  • eggs hatch in soil
24
Q

What is the epidemiology of hookworm: necator americanus?

A
  • walking in latrine areas
25
Q

What are the clinical manifetions, pathogenesis of hookworm: necator americanus?

A
  • ground itch
  • migrates though blood to lungs
  • coughing upwards, swallow, and then revised in small intestine
  • heavy burdens can cause anemia, fatigue, wt loss, pneumonia like sx, eosinophilia
26
Q

What is the dx, tx, prevention of hookworm: necator americanus?

A
  • dx: omars thing
  • tx: mebendazole
  • prevention: improved sanitation, shoes to block infection
27
Q

What is the #4 US associated helminth?

A
  • whipworm: trichurus trichuria
28
Q

What are the distinctive features of whipworm: trichurus trichuria?

A
  • big, whip like
  • thread into mucosa of large intestine
  • no lung migration
29
Q

What is the habitat and transmission of whipworm: trichurus trichuria?

A
  • outdoor latrines
  • nightsoil
  • most prevalent in children
30
Q

What are the clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of whipworm: trichurus trichuria?

A
  • hatch inside small intestine
  • migrate into colon and rside for 4+ year
  • no lung migration
  • often asymptomatic
  • severe infection: rectal prolapse
  • in children sometimes: weight loss, nutritional deficiencies, anemia
31
Q

What is the dx, tx, and prevention of whipworm: trichurus trichuria?

A
  • dx: Omar thing
  • tx: combing bendazole with ivermectin
32
Q

What do we need to know about 4th threadworm?

A
  • in kentucky, Tennessee (appalachians)
  • similar to hookworm in that is actively seeks host and penetrates skin of foot
  • uniquely, can replicate in the host and replicate without a host in the soil
33
Q

What is another name for cestode?

A

tapeworm

34
Q

What is another name for trematodes?

A

fluke

35
Q

What is the distinctive feature of tapeworm/cestode?

A
  • each body segmentation that fragments off is a full organism
36
Q

How do tapeworm/cestodes reproduce?

A
  • fragmentation
37
Q

What do tapeworm/cestodes require?

A
  • human definitive host
  • animals typically as intermediate host
38
Q

How are tapeworms transmitted?

A
  • not an issue for vegetarians
  • the 2nd host is in cows or eggs where the eggs mature
  • consumed in meets in muscle cysts and reside in definitive host of a human
39
Q

How long do tapeworms lived?

A
  • long lived (years or decades), shed eggs or segments with eggs
  • eggs eaten by intermediates hosts like cow and mature to juveniles that migrate into muscle and form cysts
  • cestodes are acquired when a human (definitive host) consumes a second intermediate hosts with tissue cysts
40
Q

What is it called when you have an adult worm that resides in the gut?

A
  • taenasis
41
Q

Why is the pork tapeworm/ Tania sodium more dangerous?

A
  • only require 1 host. humans can be the intermediate host and definitive host
  • this allow for muscle cysts or brain cysts in humans= cysticercosis
42
Q

What is the fish tapeworm called?

A
  • d. latum in salmon
    (different genus)
43
Q

What is the dx for cestode?

A
  • stool with worm segments
44
Q

What is the tx for cestode/tapeworms?

A
  • bendazoles
45
Q

What is the prevention for cestode/tapeworm?

A
  • thorough cooking and adequate sanitation
    (pork requires adequate cooking and sanitation)
46
Q

T/F: Blood flukes/schistosoma can reside outside of intestines

A

True!

47
Q

How are blood flukes/schistosoma transmitted?

A
  • swimming larva penetrate skin, travel in blood, inhabit veins draining intestines and bladder (in fresh water)
  • the immune response is what cause the significant tissue damage
48
Q

What is the tx for blood flukes/schistosoma?

A
  • prazquantel
49
Q

What is the prevention for blood flukes/schistosoma?

A
  • avoid swimming in fresh water in high incidence areas like Africa

Test 3: Micro (6 decks)

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