Non-Medical Prescribing Revision Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

What does ADME stand for ?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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2
Q

Most drugs are absorbed in what organ?

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

Factors that affect absorption?

A

Size of drug molecule
How lipophilic the drug is
How ionised the drug is
Surface area available
PH of food

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4
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

Where the drug is broken down (metabolised) in the liver before it ever reaches the systemic circulation

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5
Q

What affects drug absorption?

A

Food
Concordance
Formulation
Route of administration

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6
Q

Tell me 3 examples of routes of administration?

A

IV- complete absorption
Oral- partial absorption
Topical-partial and variable

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7
Q

What is a loading dose?

A

Dose to reach therapeutic levels

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8
Q

What is volume of distribution? (Vd)

A

Amount of drug that needs to be in the body to achieve a particular concentration

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9
Q

When a drug is highly protein binding, this means?

A

The drug is inactive

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10
Q

What affects metabolism?

A

Age
Other drugs
Genetic factors

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11
Q

What affect does enzyme inhibiting drugs have?

A

Reduce the affect of the medication and slow down the drug process.

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12
Q

How many phases of metabolism are there?

A

Two

Phase 1
Phase 2

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13
Q

For drugs to be excreted they need to be ?

A

Hydrophilic

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14
Q

What does EGFR mean ?

A

Estimate glomerular filtration rate - estimate of how well that kidneys are functioning.

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15
Q

What is half life?

A

Time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half.

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16
Q

Explain
Inductor and inhibitor

A

Inductor- increases metabolic clearance

Inhibitor- slows down metabolism

17
Q

What is an agonist?

A

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

18
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

A substance that stops the action or effect of another substance

19
Q

What is affinity?

A

The strength of attraction between two substances

20
Q

What is efficacy?

A

efficacy describes the maximum response that can be achieved with a drug

21
Q

Drugs associated with displacing other medicines from plasma proteins are listed in the BNF as ?

A

Incompatible in Appendix 1

22
Q

Pharmacodynamic interactions are common and fall into two categories

A

1- additive effects of drugs with similar reactions

2- competing effects of drugs with opposite actions

23
Q

What is normally the first indicator of renal insufficiency?

A

Poor urinary output

24
Q

An adverse drug reaction ADR is not the same as an adverse side effect ASE

A

TRUE
ADR is a negative event
ASE may have some beneficial side- effects

25
Q

The study of ADRs is called ?

A

Pharmacovigilance

26
Q

An ADR can be classified into how many classes

A

6
Type A, B, C, D, E and F

27
Q

If a patient reports a ADR (Type A augmented effect) the prescriber may ?

A

Stop the medication
Reduce the dose of the drug
Switch to an alternative drug

28
Q

Name 3 major group of drugs involved in adverse drug reactions

A

Antibiotics
Antipsychotics
NSAIDs
Drugs with narrow therapeutic window
Lithium
Diuretics
Benzodiazepines
Newly licensed drugs

29
Q

The elderly often have changes in sensitivity to drugs because of ..

A

A reduction in drug binding sites
Impaired organ function
Altered metabolising enzyme systems in the liver

30
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A ligand is defined as any molecule or atom that irreversibly binds to a receiving protein molecule

31
Q

Explain the significance of the black triangle next to some drugs in the BNF

A

New or monitored drugs that are under surveillance

32
Q

Explain phase 1 metabolism ?

A

Phase I reactions of drug metabolism involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of the parent drug, resulting in its conversion to a more polar molecule.

33
Q

Explain phase 2 metabolism?

A

Phase II reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine

34
Q
A
35
Q

What is a G protein linked receptor?

A

G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.

36
Q

what is a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels are ion channels that can open in response to the binding of a ligand. To form a channel, this type of cell-surface receptor has a membrane-spanning region with a hydrophilic (water-loving) channel through the middle of it. The channel lets ions to cross the membrane without having to touch the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.

37
Q

What is a kinase linked receptor?

A

A kinase-linked receptor (KLR) is a transmembrane receptor, which uses second messenger signalling that triggers a cascade of cellular events.

38
Q

Explain bioavailability?

A

In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.