Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community

Question 1

Diseases and health problems can be classified in
several meaningful ways.

Answer 1

– Communicable vs. non-communicable diseases
– Acute vs. chronic diseases and illnesses

Question 2

– caused by pathogenic agents which can be transmitted from
an infected host to a non-infected but susceptible host

Answer 2

Communicable diseases

Question 3

– cannot be transmitted from a diseased host to a susceptible
one.

Answer 3

Non-communicable diseases

Question 4

• Duration (3 months or less)
• Peak severity of symptoms occur & subsides within 3
  months or sooner

Answer 4

Acute diseases

Question 5

• Duration (longer than 3 months)
• Recovery is slow and often incomplete

Answer 5

Chronic diseases

Question 6

The communicable disease
model includes three basic
elements.

Answer 6

disease agent
the host, and
the environment.

Question 7

– model that conceptualizes the
transmission of a
communicable disease from
its source to a new susceptible
host.

Answer 7

Chain of Infection

Question 8

can best be visualized by the multi-causation
disease model

Answer 8

Non-communicable disease

Question 9

Non-communicable diseases
Contributing factors:

Answer 9

• Genetics
• Environmental
• Behavior

Question 10

PHIL. = 4 major non-communicable
diseases (chronic diseases or lifestyle
related diseases):

Answer 10

– Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
– Cancer
– Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
– Diabetes Mellitus

Question 11

• Number 1 killer of Americans

Answer 11

– Heart disease

Question 12

• 3rd leading cause of death
• Blood supply to brain is interrupted

Answer 12

– Stroke

Question 13

• 2nd cause of death
• Common cancer sites: breast, prostate but
  can occur in other sites

Answer 13

– Cancer

Question 14

(4th leading cause of death)

Answer 14

COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Question 15

(7th leading cause of death)

Answer 15

Diabetes-type II

Question 16

(10th leading cause)

Answer 16

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis

Question 17

– Brought considerable change on the health status of Filipinos.

Answer 17

Phil. = urbanization & lifestyle changes

Question 18

– Influenced the spread of non-communicable /lifestyle
degenerative diseases
– Increase risk exposure

Answer 18

Globalization & social changes

Question 19

– taking action to prevent or delay the onset of illness or
injury before pathogenesis occur.

Answer 19

• Prevention

Question 20

– taking action to control a disease in progress.

Answer 20

Intervention

Question 21

– means containment of a disease
– can include both prevention and intervention measures.

Answer 21

Control

Question 22

– uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the
human population.

Answer 22

Eradication

Question 23

– most common way people prioritize health
problems.
– The U. S. spends 66.5% of its health care budget
on the four leading causes of death.

Answer 23

Leading causes of death

Question 24

– measurement that emphasizes the importance of
those diseases that kill people of all ages

Answer 24

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

Question 25

– Evaluate the impact of a particular disease or health
problem
– Example:
* Cost of treatment
* Loss of productivity

Answer 25

Economic cost to society

Question 26

– Prevent or forestall (delay)the occurrence
* Vaccines
* Diet
* Exercise
* Non-risky behaviors

Answer 26

Primary prevention

Question 27

– early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease
before the disease becomes advanced and
disability becomes severe.
* Diabetes: blindness, amputation, dialysis
* Health screenings

Answer 27

Secondary prevention

Question 28

– Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate patient who has the
disability
* Stroke patients

Answer 28

Tertiary prevention

Question 29

• Pasteurization
• Antibiotics/antivirals
• Disinfectants

Answer 29

– Primary

Question 30

• Isolation
• Surveillance
• Quarantine
• Drug treatment

Answer 30

Secondary

Question 31

• Control for the individual
  – Convalescence

Answer 31

Tertiary

Question 32

– Adequate food supplies (healthy foods)
– Housing
– Education opportunities
– Efficient community services

Answer 32

Primary prevention

Question 33

– Mass screenings for chronic diseases
– Personal screenings

Answer 33

Secondary prevention

Question 34

– Adequate emergency medical personnel
– Adequate services
– Adequate facilities

Answer 34

Tertiary prevention

Question 35

– Recognize the importance
– Supportive environment
* Smoking cessation/restricting smoking
* Gym facilities
* Safe neighborhoods

Answer 35

Community role:

Question 36

– Modifiable risk factors – vices (CHANGE)
– Non-modifiable risk factors - genetics

Answer 36

Individual role:

Question 37

Organ System
○ kidney disease, heart disease,
respiratory infection, and so on

Answer 37

Organ System

Question 38

○ these are the factors that caused the disease of the infection, which can be
divided into three (3) subclassifications:

Answer 38

Causative Agent

Question 39

three (3) subclassifications of CAUSATIVE AGENT:

Answer 39

■ Biological Agents
■ Chemical Agents
■ Physical Agents