Ch. 6: Basic Ultrasound Imaging: Techniques, Terminology, and Tips Flashcards
Role of Sonographer
- To differentiate (1) ____ ____ from (2) ____ ____
- Cells make up (3) ____
- When we are scanning an organ, we are looking for (4) ____ ____ so we must know what is normal
- Document and discuss those findings with a (5) ____
- But we do not (6) ____— we describe what we (7) ____ with a sonographic description of the pathology
- We only describe what we see sonographically
- normal tissue
- abnormal tissue
- tissues
- abnormal tissue
- radiologist
- diagnose
- see
Sonographic Terms
- We use terms to describe things (1) ____ and (2) ____ of an organ or vessel
- The (3) ____ of an organ can be described as (4) ____– uniform and (5) ____ shades of gray and (6) ____- parenchyma is described as (7) ____ shades of gray
- [Parenchyma: (8) ____ ]
- Functional tissue of an organ can be described as either (9) ____ or (the opposite) heterogenous
- All the echos that are being reflected back from the transducer to display on the ultrasound screen can be the same (10) ____ or have different (11) ____
- Echos represent (12) ____ and (13) ____
- within
- outside
- parenchyma
- homogenous
- same
- heterogenous
- different
- Functional tissue
- homogenous
- strengths
- strengths
- tissues
- pathologies
Physics
- Frequency (1) ____ ____(mHz)
- Lower frequency transducer = (2) ____ resolution but deeper (3) ____
- E.G. kidney, liver (4) ____ mHz
- Higher frequency transducer produce (5) ____ attenuation meaning absorbed by tissue = less (6) ____
- Higher (7) ____ = (8) ____ resolution
- E.G. Muscles, tendons (9) ____ mHz
- Low frequency transducers are used for (10) ____ ____
- High frequency transducers are used for (11) ____ parts/ (12) ____ structures
- 1-18 megahertz
- less
- penetration
- 1-6
- more
- penetration
- frequency
- higher
- 7-18
- abdominal scanning
- small
- superficial
Abdominal Ultrasound Uses Curvilinear Probe
- Large (1) ____ ____
- Low (2) ____
- Increased (3) ____
- foot print
- frequency
- depth
Echoes Reflected Back to Transducer
- Echogenicity – A method of describing the (1) ____ ____
- How we describe what is being (2) ____ ____
- What is strong or weak?
- Hypoechoic – (3) ____ ( ____ reflection)
- Hyperechoic – (4) ____ ( ____ reflection)
- Anechoic – (5) _____ ( ____ echos)
- Seen when scanning (6) ____, ____, or ____
- No (7) ____
- Isoechoic – (8) ____
- Echos being reflected back from an organ with the (9) ____/____ echo
- reflecting echos
- reflected back
- Darker (less)
- Brighter (more)
- Black (no)
- fluids, cysts, or vessels
- tissues
- Equal
- same/similar
Ultrasound Appearance of Tissues
- Veins– (1) ____, ____
- Arteries– (2) ____, ____
- Fat– (3) ____ with irregular (4) ____ ____
- Muscle– (5) ____, Separated w/ (6) ____ ____
- Tendon– (7) ____ & (8) ____ like
- Ligaments– Like (9) ____, but more (10) ____
- Bone– (11) ____ ____ with a (12) ____
- Nerves– (13) ____ ____ appearance: (14) ____
- Arteries are thick
- Veins are thinner
- Both arteries and vein do not have an ultrasound reflection
- They are both anechoic because sound waves will continue to travel through a cystic/fluid filled structure
- There is nothing to bounce back from
- In cystic structures, blood vessels, and cysts, sound waves do not bounce back
- Anechoic, Compressible
- Anechoic, Pulsatile
- Hypoechoic
- hyperechoic lines
- Hypoechoic
- hyperechoic septa
- Hyperechoic
- Fiber
- tendons
- compact
- Hyperechoic lines
- shadow
- Starry night
- Transverse
Criteria for Identifying Abnormalities
- Border: (1) ____ and ____, or ____
- Texture: (2) ____ or ____
- All the echos within a mass will either be different or the same
- Characteristic: (3) ____, ____, ____, ____ or ____, as compared with the rest of the parenchyma
- Compare the mass to whatever organ is being scanned
- Transmission of sound: (4) ____, ____ or ____
- Example: An anechoic mass (fluid-filled cyst) will show increased transmission of sound, whereas a dermoid tumor (composed of muscle, teeth, bone) will show decreased transmission
- Smooth and well-defined, or irregular
- Homogeneous or heterogeneous
- Anechoic, hypoechoic, isoechoic, hyperechoic, or echogenic
- Increased, decreased, or unchanged
The abnormality is identified and evaluated according to a number of criteria which include the: ____ ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ ____ ____
border definition, internal texture, tissue characteristics, and transmission of sound
Abnormal Structures That Affect Transmission
- Cyst: Has (1) ____, _____, well-defined (2) ____ borders and is (3) ____
- (4) ____ through-transmission
- Complex: Has characteristics of both a (5) ____ and a (6) ____ structure
- Solid: Has (7) ____ borders and (8) ____ echoes
- (9) ____ through-transmission
- Abscess: May have (10) ____ borders and debris within; transmission may or may not be (11) ____
- Homogenous mass: Has a (12) ____ texture within
- Heterogenous mass: Has a (13) ____ texture within
- Infiltrating mass: Has a (14) ____ architecture, (15) ____ borders, and (16) ____ transmission
- smooth, round
- thin
- anechoic
- Increased
- cyst
- solid
- irregular
- internal
- Decreased
- irregular
- increased
- uniform
- nonuniform
- distorted
- irregular
- decreased
Anechoic or Sonolucent
- Opposite of (1) ____
- Without (2) ____ ____
- The structure is (3) ____ filled and transmits sound (4) ____
- Examples: (5) ____, ____, ____, and ____
- echogenic
- internal echoes
- fluid
- easily
- Vascular structures, distended urinary bladder, gallbladder, and amniotic cavity
Echogenic or Hyperchoic
- Opposite of (1) ____
- (2) ____-producing structure
- Reflects sound with a (3) ____ intensity
- Examples: (4) ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____
- anechoic
- Echo
- brighter
- Gallstone, renal calyx, bone, fat, fissures, and ligaments
Hypoechoic
- (1) ____-level echoes within a structure
- Examples: (2) ____ and ____
- Low
- Lymph nodes and fibroma
Isoechoic
- (1) ____ close to the normal parenchyma echogenicity pattern
- Example: (2) ____ ____
- Very
- Metastatic disease
Homogenous
- Opposite of (1) ____
- Completely (2) ____ in texture or composition
- Example: ____, ____, ____
- heterogeneous
- uniform
- The textures of the liver, thyroid, testes, and myometrium are generally considered homogeneous
Heterogeneous
- Not uniform in (1) ____ or ____
- Example: (2) ____
- texture or composition
- Many tumors have characteristics of both decreased and increased echogenicity
Enhancement, Increased through-transmission
- Sound that travels through an (1) ____ (fluid-filled) substance and is not attenuated
- Brightness is increased directly beyond the (2) ____ ____ of the anechoic structure as compared with the surrounding area—this is “enhancement”
- anechoic
- posterior border
Shadowing
- The sound beam is attenuated by a (1) ____ or ____ object
- This (2) ____ or ____ may be partial or complete
- Air bubbles in the (3) ____ may cause a “dirty shadow” to occur secondary to reflection
- A stone would cause a sharp shadow (4) ____ to its border
- solid or calcified
- reflection or absorption
- duodenum
- posterior
Infiltrating
- Usually refers to a (1) ____ ____ process or (2) ____ disease
- Examples: (3) ____ or ____
- diffuse disease
- metastatic
- Carcinoid or sarcoid infiltration
Irregular Borders
- Borders are not (1) ____ ____, are ill defined, or are not present
- Examples: (2) ____, ____, and ____
- well defined
- Abscess, thrombus, and metastases
Artifacts
- Can be good or bad
- Produced and caused by sonographers due to wrong incorrect procedure or from machine
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
- (4)
- (5)
- Reverberation
- Mirror
- Side lobe
- Distal enhancement (Good artifact)
- Shadowing (Good artifact)
Anechoic, Sonolucent
Without internal echoes; The structure is fluid filled and transmit sound easily
Echogenic, Hyperechoic
Echo-producing structure; Reflects sound with a brighter intensity
