Objective Med surg Hematology/Immunology

Question 1

The immune system function?

Answer 1

protect the body from harmful pathogens. By recognizing and destroying foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

Question 2

The immune system is composed of what structures?

Answer 2

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and white blood cells.

Question 3

If parts of the immune system stop functioning, it can lead to?

Answer 3

various disorders and diseases.

Question 4

Diagnostic tests associated with hematology and immunology?

Answer 4

blood tests such as complete blood count (CBC), differential white blood cell count, and blood smears
For HIV, specific diagnostic tests include enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Western blot

Question 5

The pathophysiology of disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes mellitus, HIV, anemia, coagulopathies, and anaphylaxis have in common?

Answer 5

involves abnormal immune responses and inflammation.

Question 6

Nursing interventions for an immunocompromised patient involve?

Answer 6

implementing strict infection control measures, promoting good hygiene practices, administering prescribed medications, providing emotional support, and encouraging regular follow-up with healthcare providers

Question 7

Nursing teaching for an immunocompromised patient involve?

Answer 7

Educating the patient about the importance of avoiding exposure to infections, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and adhering to prescribed treatment plans

Question 8

To increase body weight in a patient with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 8

Providing a balanced and nutritious diet, monitoring and addressing any gastrointestinal symptoms, promoting physical activity, and providing emotional support.

Question 9

thrombocytopenia, nursing interventions and teaching?

Answer 9

implementing bleeding precautions, avoiding activities that can cause trauma or injury, promoting rest and relaxation, administering prescribed medications, and educating the patient about the signs and symptoms of bleeding.

Question 10

Different types of blood dyscrasia?

Answer 10

Hypovolemia, Iron deficiency, Sickle-cell disease, Hemolytic anemia (thalassemia), Pernicious anemia, Folic acid deficiency anemia

Question 11

Nursing interventions for blood dyscrasia?

Answer 11

depend on the specific disorder and may involve administering blood transfusions, providing iron supplementation, monitoring vital signs, and educating the patient about the importance of adherence to treatment plans

Question 12

Nursing interventions and teaching associated with HIV/AIDS?

Answer 12

may include promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy, providing emotional support, educating the patient about safer sex practices and prevention of transmission, and monitoring for potential complications.

Question 13

Nursing interventions for HIV complications involve?

Answer 13

managing symptoms, providing appropriate medications, promoting self-care, and coordinating care with other healthcare providers.

Question 14

Nursing interventions for a patient receiving a blood transfusion?

Answer 14

verifying blood compatibility, monitoring vital signs, assessing for any adverse reactions, and providing emotional support to the patient.

Question 15

Public and occupational safety methods designed to ?

Answer 15

decrease HIV transmission include practicing universal precautions, using personal protective equipment, following proper sterilization and disinfection protocols, and promoting education and awareness about HIV prevention.

Question 16

Teaching the nurse will provide to a patient with sickle-cell disease?

Answer 16

managing pain episodes, recognizing signs of infection, maintaining hydration, avoiding triggers of sickle cell crisis, adhering to prescribed medications and treatments, handwashing, avoid large crowds.

Question 17

Teaching the nurse will provide to a patient taking iron supplementation?

Answer 17

includes information about proper dosage and timing of iron supplements, potential side effects such as constipation, and the importance of taking iron supplements with vitamin

Question 18

vitamins/ minerals that are associated with different types of anemia

Answer 18

Iron deficiency anemia: Iron
- Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: Vitamin B12
- Folate deficiency anemia: Folate

Question 19

diagnostic tests used to diagnose different types of anemia

Answer 19

Complete Blood Count (CBC): Measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
- Peripheral Blood Smear: Examines the shape, size, and appearance of red blood cells under a microscope.
- Serum Ferritin Test: Measures the level of ferritin, a protein that stores iron, in the blood.
- Vitamin B12 and Folate Levels: Measures the levels of these vitamins in the blood.
- Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: Involves taking a sample of bone marrow to examine the production and maturation of blood cells.

Question 20

nutritional recommendations for a patient with different types of anemia

Answer 20

Iron deficiency anemia: Increase iron intake through foods such as red meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, and fortified cereals. Vitamin C can enhance iron absorption.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: Consume foods rich in vitamin B12, such as meat, fish, dairy products, and fortified cereals. In severe cases, B12 injections may be necessary.
- Folate deficiency anemia: Consume foods high in folate, such as leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, beans, and fortified cereals. Folic acid supplements may also be prescribed

Question 21

Differentiate between immunosuppression, sickle cell disease, & hemophilia based on assessment findings:

Answer 21

Immunosuppression: Weakened immune system, increased susceptibility to infections, frequent infections, delayed wound healing, enlarged lymph nodes.
- Sickle cell disease: Chronic pain episodes (sickle cell crisis), fatigue, shortness of breath, delayed growth and development, jaundice, frequent infections, hand-foot syndrome.
- Hemophilia: Excessive bleeding, spontaneous bleeding into joints and muscles, easy bruising, prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery.

Question 22

Describe teaching the nurse will provide to a patient with hemophilia

Answer 22

Avoid activities that may cause injury or bleeding, such as contact sports.
- Use soft-bristled toothbrushes and avoid flossing vigorously to prevent gum bleeding.
- Inform healthcare providers about the condition before any medical or dental procedures.
- Carry a medical alert card or wear a medical ID bracelet indicating the diagnosis.
- Regularly receive factor replacement therapy as prescribed.

Question 23

nursing interventions and teaching associated with lymphedema:

Answer 23

Teach the patient proper skin care, including keeping the affected limb clean and moisturized.
- Encourage the patient to perform gentle exercises and elevate the affected limb when possible.
- Instruct the patient on the use of compression garments or bandages to promote lymphatic drainage.
- Teach the patient techniques for self-massage or manual lymphatic drainage to reduce swelling.
- Monitor the affected limb for signs of infection and provide appropriate wound care if necessary.

Question 24

management of a patient with anaphylaxis?

Answer 24

Administer epinephrine immediately as a first-line treatment.
- Call for emergency medical assistance.
- Ensure the patient’s airway is open and provide oxygen if needed.
- Monitor vital signs and provide supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and antihistamines.
Educate the patient and their caregivers on the use of an epinephrine auto-injector and the importance of avoiding triggers.