#4. Congenital Diseases Flashcards
What are the Embryonic Stages of Kidney Development?
3 Phases:
1) Pre-Kidney = Pronephros
2) Primary Kidney = Mesonephros
3) Definitive Kidney = Metanephros (By 3rd Embryonal Month)
- Kidney tubules are formed from it
- Calcyces / Pelvis / Ureter are formed by UPWARD Movement of LOWER End of WOLF’S DUCT, which connects to the METANEPHROS
When and Where do the Testes from in Embryonic Development?
- Occurs at a Later Stage due to MOST GONAD Structures belonging to OTHER Systems
- By 3rd Month = Testes is located in Retroperitoneum and undergoes DESCENSUS where Testes moves towards Scrotum with help of FIBROMUSCLAR BOND (Gubernaculum)
- Around 7th Month = Testes is at Abdominal Opening of Inguinal Canal
What are the Differences between Renal Agenesis, Aplasia, and Hypoplasia?
1) Renal Agenesis = Mother’s Kidneys purifies Foetal blood via Placenta and is manifested by Anuria
2) Renal Aplasia = Failure Development of Kidney, with Fibrous Mass occupying place of Kidney / Contralateral Kidney (Opposite Side) is Hypertrophied
3) Renal Hypoplasia = Smaller Kidneys, combined with other anomalies
What does the term “malrotation” mean?
- Incomplete Intrauterine Rotation
- Where Renal Pelvis lies VENTRALLY + EXTERNALLY to the Kidney
- Normally = Renal Pelvis lies MEDIALLY to Kidney
What are the Forms of Dystopia?
{Dystopia = Kidney located to SAME Side, to where it normally should be)
- Pelvic
- Iliac
- Lumbar
- Thoracic
What Other Diseases is Horseshoe Kidney Associated with?
{Horseshoe Kidney = Kidney fused at their lower poles by Parenchymal / Fibrous Bridge)
- Turner Syndrome
- Trisomy 18
- GU Anomalies
- Duplication of Ureter
- Vesicoureteral Reflux
- Congenital Hydronephrosis
- Wilms Tumour
Where are the Blood Vessels located in Nephroptosis?
{Nephroptosis = Weak Supporting Apparatus / Long Vessels; Standing px feel pain}
- Blood Vessels are located in their NORMAL Position
After what does the Incidence of Simple Cysts Increase?
{Simple Cysts = Obstruction of Group of Nephrons}
- AFTER AGE 50 the Incidence INCREASES to 50%
What is the Practical Use of Bosniak Classification?
- Studied by Venous Contrast-Enhanced CT
- Improves the degree of precision of malignant diseases
- To reduce the frequency of unnecessary treatment of Benign Lesions
TYPES - Wall Thickness / Presence, Absence of Septa + Calcifications on Contrast / % of Malignancy
- Type 1
- Type 2, 2F
- Type 3
- Type 4
By What Mechanism of Polycystic Kidney Disease Inherited in Adults?
- Autosomal DOMINANT Inheritance
- 95% = Cystic Lesions affects BOTH Kidneys
- 10 - 30% = Brain Aneurysms
- 33% = Liver Cysts
- 10% = Pancreatic Cysts
What is the Difference between a Duplicated and Bifid Ureter?
1) Duplicated Ureter = The LOWER Ostium drains the Ureter, which originates from PROXIMAL Part of Renal Pelvis
2) Bifid Ureter = The 2 Ureters JOIN at the Pelvis and END into 1 Ostium
What Imaging Method allows to Detect Vesicoureteral Reflux?
{Vesicoureteral Reflux = Functional Damage to the LOWER UT without Morphological Cause}
- Ultrasound
- CT
- MRI
What are the Characteristics of Bladder Exstrophy?
- Separation of Symphysis
- Atrophy of Rectus Abdominis Muscles
- Complete Absence of Anterior Bladder Wall / Anterior Part of Bladder Neck / Urethra
What are the 3 Characteristics of Hypospadias?
1) Displacement of Urethral Meatus along the Ventral Surface of the Penis / Scrotal / Perineal
2) Ventral Distortion DUE to Formation of CHORDAE
3) Absence of Ventral Part of the Foreskin
Which anomaly, hypospadias or epispadias can be seen in both sexes?
Epispadias are seen in BOTH Sexes
- Boys = Glandular, Penile and Complete
- Girls = Clitoric, Subsymphyseal and Complete
