Growth and Development Flashcards
Define the Following
fetal developement
somatic growth
puberty
development
Fetal Development
- changes that occur as a fertilized ovum progresses through prenatal growth
this continues through chidlhood and adults life with growth
SOmatic Growth = changes in th ebody as a whole or in its indivduals such as
- lenght/height
- weight
- head circumference
Puberty
- hormonal and gondal changes that occur as part of sexual development
Development
- changes int he body function and acuisition of skills in the following domains
- - social, langugae and self-help
- verbal langugae
- gross and finer motor skills
Growth During
- Fetal growth: when does it look like human
- neonatal growth : gestational age and how age is determined if we dont know
Fetal Growth
- the fetus looks like a human by the time of 9 weeks
- after this point: continued somatic growth
Neonatal Growth
Gestational age
- premie: < 34 weeks
- late preterm: 34-36 + 6
- early term: 37 - 38 +6
- later term: 41 - 41 +6
- postterm: > 42 weeks
determination of age
- antepartum: determined via US or FDLMP (first date of last menstrual period)
- postnal” Balalrd score
Growth: Birth weights & size for gestational age
Weights
normal : 3000-4000 grams
low: < 2500
very low: < 1500
extremely low < 1000
size
- small: SGA: < 10th percentile
- approproate (AGA)
- larget (LGA) : > 90th percentile
SGA
if they are symmetrically small, all parameters will be low
- low weight, length and head circumference
Reasons for SGA : if symmetrcailly
- matenal durg use
- chormosomal issues
- intrauterine infections
if they are asymmetrically small (onel 1 or 2 parameters are off)
- placental insufficiency: poor weight gain in pregnancy or multiple gestaitions
- advanced materal age
Larger for GA
- maternal DM
- excessive materal weight gain
- genetic syndromes (rarely)
Measurements to use for kids 0-2 years
anthropometrics
- length (supine laying)
- weight
- weight for length
- head circumference
WHO growth charts used
- these are better descrption of physiologic growth in infants
after the neonatal period: how is Growth measured
Growth Measurements
weight: considered most importnat for out 0-2 year olds
- do it without diaper or clothing
Stature:
- length from 0-2
- height 2+
Wegith
- wegith for length for 0-2 y/o
- BMI for 2+ year olds
head circumference
- measured just above the eyebrows, above the ears at the largest part of the occiput
- occipit-frontal diameter
Growth Charts/ Curves from the WHO and CDC
Charts
- used to track growth over time
- gender specific
- should plot according to actual age
O-2 year olds
- WHO growth charts
- weight for length
- weight
- length
- circumference
2+ year olds
- height
- weight
BMi
Premature and disese specific have their own charts
Weight Patterns of Gain in Infants and Kids
Weight Gain
- infants typically lose weight in theif first few days of life: but back to birth wegiht at 10 days
- by 4-6 monhts: should about 2x their birthwegith
- by 12 months: should be 3x their birthweight
Average weigh gain
-in first 3-4 months: 20-30 grams/day
5 pounds between 1-2 years olde
5 pounds a year from 2-5
Growth Faultering (Failure to Thrive)
etiology
Risk factors
possible reasons for it
Failure to Thirve: Etiology
- initally a weight disorder, but if it gets severe enoug, affects linear growth (head circum. and length)
- can lead to sever lack of max. adult height and cognitive skill if not addessed in teh first 2 years of life
Risk Factors
- low SES
- refugees
- developmental delays
- lowe birthweight bb
- fetal growth restriction
- chronic/recurring infections
- GI disorders
- congenital disorders
Reasons for It
- inaequated caloric intake: negelt, poor patching, reflux, GI issues, etc.
- inadequate absorption of nutreinty: celiac, metabolsim, infection, milk protein allergy
- excessive use of energy: infections, cardiac or lung disease, CF, hyperthyroid, malignancy,
Growth Faulturing
Diagnosis
Diangosis
- anthropometric z scores make the diagnosis
- calculated by weight for length or BMI
- can be diagnosed with a single measurement set
- the z-score range : -3 to 3+ : negative implying lower percentiles
- a decreased in a Z score of 1 or more shoes those who will develop growth faultring
this helps assess response to treatment and how to treat
Growth Faultering
appraoch to treatment
hX. qs
PE
Need a good Hx. in order to properly treat
- figure out the underlying cause
- what are they being fed
- when, how often, symptoms after feeding
- psychosocial facotrs, specific food peferences
PE
- vitals, all measurements
- muslce and fat depostion: mmid-arm circumference can help
- hari thinning, skin changes
- dental and neuro exams, look for dysmorphism
- cardiac murmurs, organomegaly, look for neglect
- **diagnosis studies not needed if there is a normal H&P*8
Growth Faultering
Treatment
initiala and if that fails what labs
calori def. corrections for breast fed v bottle
Treament: Inital
- behavior modification: adjust feeding practices
- increasing calorie consumption
- close monitoring
If inital treatmnet fails
- CBC
- chemc, celiacl
- lead, iron, UA and ESR
Calorie Defict Correction
Breast Fed babies :
- give breast milk (pump and measure) 22cal/oz
- supplement with formula feeds
Formula fed
- give formula 19-21 cal/oz
- swap to calorie dense or concentrated formula
toddlets
- high quality diet
- supplement with high cal. snacks and supplements
Growth Faultering
Monitoring
Monitoring
- monitor Q1weeks to 2 weeks
- until Z score is corrected and the normal growth trajectory consisent and normal weight
Consultation
- nutrition/behavior intervention if conservative measures fails
- hospitalization in severe nutrtion
Overweight & Obesity in Children
- normal growth guidelines
- how is it determined
- obesity and overweigh tby percentile BMI
Normal growth
- at 3 years: child should be approx. 4x their birth wegith
- then grow about 5 pounds a year from age 2 until puberty
Calculate Weight
- usually using BMI: newer push for Z scores
- obersity more likely to be a problem for those over 2 years old
- normal BMI: shold grow, take a little dip during preschol as they run around so much; then remain increasing until levling off in adulthood
BMI for overweight and obestiy
5th-84th percentile = normal
85-95th percentile = overweight
> 95th percentile = obese
> 120% of the 95th percentile = severe obesity
Overweight/Obestiy in Children
Causes
prevention: for..
- newbrons
- toddle
- preschool
- school age
- adolescent
Causes
- calroires in > out
- genetics
- endocrine disorders
- medications (atypicals.)
Prevention
Newborn
- promote breast feeding & teach parents to assess feeding cues
Toddler
- encourgae proper proportions
- but toddler choses how much to eat; dont force feed
- NO sugar beverages (juice)
Preschool
- PARENTS make food choice
- no sugar beverages; limit juice to 4-6 oz day
School age
- watch school lunchchoices
- less junk foor or sugar sweented
- only food in the house that is good choices
Adolescents
- encourage family eating
- ensure they eat breakfast
- limit fast food
Overweight/Obestiy in Children
Ways to prevent overeating in terms of food intake and exercise and screen time
Complications of overweight/obese kids
- no food and eating
- no tv in their room
- 2 or less hours of screen time
1+ hour of activity daily
no sugar sweeted beverages
5+ fruits and veggies
Complications that can arise
- HTN
- OSA, asthma
- T2DM
- insulin resistnace
- hyperlipidemia
- PCOS
- blounts disease (bowing of legs)
- hip issues
- back pain
- NASH
- Gallbladder disease
- depression and poor self esteem
- pseuotumor cerebir (increase ICP)
Overweight/Obestiy in Children
further evalautions to do if you susspect its not a primarily lifestyle choices issue
Further Eval.
- EVERYONE OBESE needs a further evaulation and workup
- everyone with is overweight with other risk factors (ipids, HTn, etc.)
- consider a work up for those increasing thier BMI by 3-4 units a year
Evaulation with
- TSH
- glucose
- lipids
- LFTs
- endcrine referral if unable to control
Overweight/Obestiy in Children
Management in terms of growth goals and charts
mild obestiy
moderate
severe
Mild Obestiy
- the goal should to “maintain” the weight and allow their linear growth (height) to increase to balance it out
- takes 1-2 years
Moderate to Severe Obestiy
- 2-11 year olds = drop 1 pound a month
- those 11+ = can drop up to 2pounds/week or 2 pounds/month
Dietary and Exercise
- general preventivne mananngemetn
- encourage support gropus and management tools
Severe Obesity
- dietician
- comprehensive weight manamgenet
- comorbi management
- specialits (ortho, endo, etc.)
- behavioral management
for adolecents
- semiglutaide has best evidence
- can consider bariatric surgery
