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Biology: A Level > Chapter 12: Energy And Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Energy And Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Anabolic

A

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are built up into larger ones

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2
Q

A chemical reaction in which small molecules are built up into larger ones

A

Anabolic

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3
Q

Respiration

A

The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds in living cells

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4
Q

The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds in living cells

A

Respiration

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5
Q

Substrate-linked reaction

A

In the context of ATP formation, the transfer of phosphate from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to produce ATP, using energy provided directly by another chemical reaction

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6
Q

In the context of ATP formation, the transfer of phosphate from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to produce ATP, using energy provided directly by another chemical reaction

A

Substrate-linked reaction

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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The synthesis of ATP using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient, across a membrane in a mitochondrial or chloroplast

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8
Q

The synthesis of ATP using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient, across a membrane in a mitochondrial or chloroplast

A

Chemiosmosis

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9
Q

What are the stages of glucose breakdown?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The link reaction
  3. The Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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10
Q

What is the most common respiratory substrate? How is it used in respiration?

A

Glucose. It is broken down in a series of stages to synthesize ATP.

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11
Q

Glycolysis

A

The splitting (lysis) of glucose; the first stage in aerobic respiration

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12
Q

The splitting (lysis) of glucose; the first stage in aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

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14
Q

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

A

Phosphorylation

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15
Q

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

A

A hydrogen carrier used in respiration

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16
Q

A hydrogen carrier used in respiration

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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17
Q

Oxidation

A

The addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a substance

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18
Q

The addition of oxygen, or the removal of hydrogen or electrons from a substance

A

Oxidation

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19
Q

Reduction

A

The removal of oxygen, or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance

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20
Q

The removal of oxygen, or the addition of hydrogen or electrons to a substance

A

Reduction

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21
Q

Where do the stages of respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, and the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place inside mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration involves other pathways that take place in the cytoplasm.

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22
Q

Decarboxylation

A

The removal of carbon dioxide

23
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

The removal of hydrogen

24
Q

Coenzyme A (CoA)

A

A molecule that supplies acetyl groups required for the link reaction

25
Q

A molecule that supplies acetyl groups required for the link reaction

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

26
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

A molecule made up of CoA and a 2C acetyl group, important in the link reaction

27
Q

A molecule made up of CoA and a 2C acetyl group, important in the link reaction

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

28
Q

Link reaction

A

Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate, resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, linking glycolysis with the Krebs cycle.

29
Q

Krebs cycle

A

A cycle of reactions in aerobic respiration in the matrix of a mitochondrion in which hydrogens pass to hydrogen carriers for subsequent ATP synthesis and some ATP is synthesized directly; also known as the citric acid cycle

30
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that is needed for an enzyme to catalyse a reaction, though it does not take part in the reaction itself.

31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration

32
Q

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A chain of adjacently arranged carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along which electrons pass in redox reactions.

34
Q

A chain of adjacently arranged carrier molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane, along which electrons pass in redox reactions.

A

Electron transport chain

35
Q

Redox reactions

A

A chemical reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidized

36
Q

A chemical reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidized

A

Redox reaction

37
Q

ATP synthase

A

The enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP

38
Q

The enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP

A

ATP synthase

39
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

40
Q

Without oxygen

A

Anaerobic

41
Q

Ethanol fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converter to ethanol

42
Q

Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converter to ethanol

A

Ethanol fermentation

43
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

44
Q

Anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to lactate

A

Lactate fermentation

45
Q

Aerenchyma

A

Plant tissue containing air spaces

46
Q

Plant tissue containing air spaces

A

Aerenchyma

47
Q

Respiratory quotient (RQ)

A

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen used

48
Q

The ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen used

A

Respiratory quotient

49
Q

Respirometer

A

A piece of apparatus that can be used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by respiring organisms

50
Q

A piece of apparatus that can be used to measure the rate of oxygen uptake by respiring organisms

A

Respirometer

51
Q

Redox indicator

A

A substance that changes colour when it is oxidized or reduced

52
Q

A substance that changes colour when it is oxidized or reduced

A

Redox indicator

53
Q

What is the formula for respiratory quotient?

A

Volume of carbon dioxide given out / volume of oxygen taken in

Biology: A Level (9 decks)

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