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Medical > Pulmonology > Flashcards

Pulmonology Flashcards

1
Q

alveolus

A

Hollow sphere of cells that expands and contracts with each breath. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the alveolus and a nearby small blood vessel (capillary).

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2
Q

apex

A

the highest point, tip

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3
Q

bronchus

A

one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

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4
Q

bronchiole

A

small branch of a bronchus within lung

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5
Q

cilia

A

short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell

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6
Q

deoxygenated

A

Blood in the veins that is low in oxygen content.

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7
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

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8
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

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9
Q

Eupneic

A

passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally

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10
Q

Exhalation

A

breathing out

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11
Q

Hilum

A

(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

breathing in

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

the act of inhaling

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14
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

rib muscles, pull the ribs up and out. This enlarges the thoracic cavity and creates negative internal pressure that causes air to flow into the lungs.

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15
Q

Larynx

A

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

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16
Q

Lobe

A

(anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part

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17
Q

Lumen

A

a cavity or passage in a tubular organ

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18
Q

Lung

A

either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates

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19
Q

Mediastinum

A

The part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus

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20
Q

Metabolism

A

set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes

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21
Q

mucosa

A

The mucus-secreting epithelia that line the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The conjunctiva of the eye and the mammary glands are also in this category.

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22
Q

nasal cavity

A

hollow area inside the nose

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23
Q

oxygenated

A

Containing oxygen.

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24
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin

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25
Q

parenchyma

A

funtional part of the lung

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26
Q

parietal pleura

A

the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

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27
Q

pharynx

A

throat, throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

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28
Q

phrenic nerve

A

nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

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29
Q

pleura

A

membrane surrounding the lungs

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30
Q

respiration

A

the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation

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31
Q

respiratory system

A

brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.

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32
Q

ribs

A

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.

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33
Q

septum

A

(anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities

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34
Q

surfactant

A

a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved

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35
Q

thoracic cavity

A

the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart

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36
Q

thorax

A

the part of the human body between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates

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37
Q

trachea

A

membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi

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38
Q

tracheobronchial tree

A

the structures of the trachea and the bronchi.

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39
Q

turbinates

A

Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.

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40
Q

visceral pleura

A

Membrane that covers the lungs

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41
Q

asthma

A

lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction

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42
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes

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43
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung

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44
Q

rales

A

abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration

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45
Q

pleural friction rub

A

abnormal breath sound that is creaky and grating in nature and is heard on inspiration and expiration

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46
Q

rhonchi

A

continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning.

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47
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched sound heard on inspiration; upper-airway sound indicating partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx

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48
Q

wheezes

A

Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

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49
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome

A

Loss of surfactant in alveoli due to severe respiratory infections or other sources of pulmonary injury, with resulting alveolar collapse

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50
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)

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51
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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52
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consquent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)

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53
Q

influenza

A

viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue.

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54
Q

Reye Syndrome

A

Caused by using aspirin to relieve the symptoms of flu. Reason is not known. Causes very high level of ammonia in the blood and brain, with vomiting, seizures, and liver failure. Sometimes Fatal.

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55
Q

Empyema

A

a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)

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56
Q

Legionnair’s disease

A

Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection that begins with flu-like symptoms, body aches, and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration.

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57
Q

lung cancer

A

malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi

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58
Q

occupational lung disease

A

Related to inhaling toxic gases or foreign particles

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59
Q

pneumonia

A

respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants

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60
Q

aspiration pneumonia

A

Pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs

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61
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

Pneumonia often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination

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62
Q

broncho-pneumonia

A

Pneumonia that affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and the adjacent lung tissue and alveoli

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63
Q

double pneumonia

A

Pneumonia that involves both lungs

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64
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung

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65
Q

pneumococcal pnuemonia

A

Acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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66
Q

viral pneumonia

A

pneumonia caused by a virus

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67
Q

walking pneumonia

A

Mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

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68
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli

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69
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot

70
Q

Sternal retractions

A

Sternum bends the flexible breast bone inwards

71
Q

Intercostal retractions

A

pull in the soft tissue between the ribs

72
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

A

acute viral respiratory infection that begins like the flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea

73
Q

turberculosis

A

A contagious bacterial infection (Mycobacterium) that mainly involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs. *An invasive, debilitating infection caused by the acid-fast organism.

74
Q

hemothorax

A

accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

75
Q

pectus excavatum

A

congenital malformation of the chest wall characterized by a funnel-shaped depression of the lower end of the sternum and costal cartilages

76
Q

pleural effusion

A

escape of fluid into the pleural space as a result of inflammation

77
Q

pleurisy

A

increase of fluid pervades the pleural cavity, resulting in layers adhering to each other.

78
Q

pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

79
Q

apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing

80
Q

bradypnea

A

slow breathing

81
Q

cough

A

the act of exhaling air suddenly with a noise

82
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult or labored respiration

83
Q

orthopnea

A

severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position other than sitting erect or standing

84
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing

85
Q

anoxia

A

ABSENCE OF OXYGEN IN THE BODY

86
Q

asphyxia

A

Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

87
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome

A

completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant. The most common cause of death between the second week and first year of life (crib death).

88
Q

cyanosis

A

a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

89
Q

hypercapnia

A

the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood

90
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

91
Q

arterial blood gases

A

measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood

92
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A

measures carbon monoxide poisoning..tx for the CO out by using hyperbaric chamber

93
Q

pulmonary function test

A

breathing equipment used to determine respiratory function and measure lung volumes and gas exchange

94
Q

spirometry

A

portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

95
Q

pulse oximetry

A

a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip

96
Q

sputum culture and sensitivity

A

testing sputum by placing it on a culture medium and observing any bacterial growth, the specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness

97
Q

tuberculosis test

A

Intradermal test using purified proteins derivative to test for either dormant or active tuberculois

98
Q

mantoux test

A

Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen

99
Q

Chest radiography

A

helps in the diagnosis of large variety of pulmonary problems, including pneumonia, lung cancer, emphysema, TB, and pulmonary edema

100
Q

CT scan

A

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.

101
Q

MRI scan

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue

102
Q

lung scan

A

also known as a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan, records the emissions from radioisotopes that indicate how well gas and blood are traveling through the lungs

103
Q

auscultation

A

listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)

104
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage

105
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway

106
Q

laryngoscope

A

a medical instrument for examining the larynx

107
Q

heimlich maneuver

A

procedure that removes food or other obstacles from a choking person’s airway

108
Q

incentive spirometry

A

common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications

109
Q

oxygen therapy

A

this an intervention for administering more oxygen that than is present in the atmophere to prevent or relieve hypxemia. requieres flow meter, and oxygen analzyer or humiffier and an oxygen delievery device

110
Q

vital signs

A

Determinations that provide information about body conditions; include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure

111
Q

bronchoscopy

A

the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

112
Q

chest tube insertion

A

Surgical procedure that uses a clear plastic tube inserted between the ribs into the thoracic cavity to remove air or blood due to trauma or infection.

113
Q

Lung resection

A

Used to remove small, peripherally located benign primary tumors, or for localized inflammatory disease, and to aid in diagnosis of chronic diffuse lung disease.

114
Q

thoracocentesis

A

removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

115
Q

tracheostomy

A

a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air

116
Q

antibiotic drug

A

a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections

117
Q

antitubercular drug

A

Treats tuberculosis

118
Q

antitussive drug

A

suppresses cough

119
Q

Bronchodilator drug

A

used to relieve bronchospasm associated with respiratory disorders (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphazema)

120
Q

chemotherapy drug

A

a drug that is used to treat cancer

122
Q

corticosteroid drug

A

a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as a anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant

123
Q

expectorant drug

A

reduces thickness of mucus so u can cough productively

124
Q

leukotriene receptor blockers

A

used for the treatment and management of asthma.

125
Q

mast cell stabilizer drug

A

Stabilize mast cells in the respiratory tract and prevent them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction.

126
Q

conchae

A

another word for turbinates

127
Q

mucus

A

Traps inhaled dust, pollen, smoke, and bacteria.

128
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Incision into the thoracic cavity. First step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and lungs.

129
Q

Oxygen Therapy-Nasal cannula

A

Oxygen face mask.

130
Q

Ambu Bag

A

Hand held squeeze bag used to manually breathe for a patient for a temporary time.

131
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

Sever pneumoniea caused by the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci. Most people are infected with this microorganism in childhood. Causes mild infection and then lies dormant in small cysts. In patients with AIDS emerges from the cysts and causes disease.

133
Q

Respiratory Control Centers

A

In the brain. Regulates the depth and rate of respiration. Sends nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve causing the diaphragm to contract.

134
Q

Respiratory System

A

Consists of the right and left lungs and air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of the body.

135
Q

Purpose of the Respiratory System

A

Bring O2 into the body and expel CO2.

136
Q

ABG

A

Arterical Blood gases

137
Q

AFB

A

Acid Fast Bacillus

138
Q

A&P

A

Auscultation and Percussion

139
Q

ARDS

A

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

140
Q

BS

A

Breath Sounds

141
Q

C&S

A

Culture and Sensitivity

142
Q

CF

A

Cystic Fibrosis

143
Q

CO

A

Carbon Monoxide

144
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

145
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

146
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

147
Q

CXR

A

Chest X-ray

148
Q

DOE

A

Dyspnea On Exertion

149
Q

ETT

A

Endotracheal Tube

150
Q

FEV1

A

Froced Expiratory Volume (in 1 second)

151
Q

FiO2

A

Fraction (percentage ) of inspired oxygen.

152
Q

FVC

A

Forced Vital Capacity

153
Q

HMD

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease

154
Q

LLL

A

Left Lower Lobe

155
Q

LUL

A

Left Upper Lobe

156
Q

MDI

A

Metered-Dose Inhaler

157
Q

PCO2

A

Partial Pressure of CO2.

158
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia.

159
Q

PFT

A

Pulmonary Function Test

160
Q

PND

A

Paroxysmal Noctural Dyspnea

161
Q

PO2

A

Partial Pressure of Oxygen.

162
Q

PPD

A

Protein Purified Derivative.(TB test);

164
Q

RA

A

Room Air (no supplemental oxygen.

165
Q

RDS

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

166
Q

RLL

A

Right Lower Lobe

167
Q

RML

A

Right Middle Lobe

168
Q

RRT

A

Registered Respiratory Therapist

169
Q

RUL

A

Right Upper Lobe

170
Q

SARS

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

171
Q

SOB

A

Shortness of Breath

172
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis

173
Q

TPR

A

Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration

174
Q

URI

A

Upper Respiratory Infection

175
Q

V/Q

A

Ventilation Perfusion (Scan)

Medical (8 decks)

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