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Abnormal Psych > ch 1 > Flashcards

ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopathology:

A

Psychopathology:

study of the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders

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2
Q

Challenges to the study of psychopathology

A
  • Maintain objectivity
  • Avoid preconceived notions
  • Reduce stigma
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3
Q

stigma

A

Stigma:

the destructive belief and attitudes held by a society towards groups considered to be different

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4
Q

Four characteristics of stigma:

A
  • Distinguishing label applied
  • Label refers to undesirable attributes
  • People w/ label seen as different
  • People with label discriminated against
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5
Q

Mental (psychological) Disorder:

and what it contains

A

Contains several characteristics, but not all disorders contain all the characteristics

contains:

  • Personal distress
  • Violation of Social Norms
  • Disability and
  • Dysfunction
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6
Q

Violation of Social Norms

A

violating widely held cultural standards, makes others uncomfortable/causes problems

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7
Q

disability

A

daily function is impaired (work, relationships)

Ex: chronic substance abuse results in job loss

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8
Q

Dysfunction:

A

something not working as it should- developmental, psychological and biological systems are impaired

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9
Q

DSM-5 Definition of psychological disorder

A
  • disorder occurs within the individual
  • Involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
  • involves dysfunction in the processes that support mental functioning
  • not a culturally specific reaction to an event
  • not primarily a result of a social deviance or conflict w/ society
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10
Q

Early Demonology

A

Possession by evil beings/spirits as explanation for disordered behavior

Exorcism to drive out evil spirits

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11
Q

hippocrates (5th c BC)

A
  • Mental disturbances have natural causes (problems w/ brain)
  • Three categories of mental disorders: mania, melancholia, phrenitis (brain fever)
  • Brain functioning dependent of balance of 4 humors
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12
Q

dark ages (2nd c AD)

A

Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill

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13
Q

Witch hunts (13th century AD)

A
  • Torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional sounding confessions

Historians believed many of the accused were mentally ill, little support for this conclusion

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14
Q

Asylums(15th century AD)

A
  • Large establishments for confinement and care of mentally ill
  • No treatment or harmful treatment
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15
Q

bloodletting

A

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) used bloodletting, believed mental illness caused by excess blood in the brain

Neumonic: guy with blood filled head being bloodlet saying come on I’m in a rush!

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16
Q

Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (founded in 1243)

A
  • One of first mental institutions
  • Wealthy paid to watch as entertainment
  • Origin of term bedlam: wild uproar or confusion
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17
Q

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)

A

Pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
Was only for the wealthy though

moral treatment

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18
Q

Moral Treatment:

A
  • Small privately funded humanitarian mental hospitals (no more than 250 people)
  • Friends Asylum (1817)
  • Patients engaged in purposeful calming activities, Talked with attendants
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19
Q

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

A
  • Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
  • Urged improvement of institutions
  • Worked to establish 32 new public hospitals
    • Unfortunately small staffs
    • Administered by physicians- biological rather than psychological aspects of mental illness- very primitive
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20
Q

mental hospitals 1960s/70s

A

concerns about the restrictiveness of mental hospitals along with idealistic hopes of community based treatments led to large amounts of deinstitutionalization

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21
Q

mental hospitals today

A

Treatments in public hospitals provide the bare minimum
Funded by federal gov’t or state

jails became the de facto mental hospital

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22
Q

forensic hospitals

A

Forensic hospitals: mental hospital for those arrested and deemed unable to stand trial/ acquitted due to insanity

Less likely to reoffend

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23
Q

General paresis and Syphilis

A

Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms (delusions of grandeur) and physical symptoms (progressive paralysis)

by mid 1800’s known that some patients had both syphilis and general paresis together

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24
Q

what did the pairing of general paresis and syphilis mean

A

biological cause of syphilis found: Microorganism that caused syphilis- caused damage to certain areas of the brain- caused general paresis

Since general paresis had biological cause, this meant other mental illnesses might also!!

  • Biological causes of psychopathology gained credibility
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25
Q

nature vs nurture

A

Galton’s (1822-1911) work lead to the belief that mental illness can be inhereted

  • coined term nature vs nurture
  • unfortunately was proponent of eugenics

Neumonic: be a gals gal and don’t play around w eugenics

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26
Q

Insulin-coma therapy:

A

early biological treatment

developed in early 1930’s by Sakel
Large amounts of insulin to create daily comas

27
Q

ECT Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock

Still used today for severe depression (refined and less problematic)

28
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

Surgical procedure that destroys tracts connecting frontal lobes to other areas of the brain

Used to control violent behaviors; led to listlessness, apathy, loss of cognitive abilities

29
Q

Mesmer (1734-1815)

A

Treated patients with hysteria (physical incapacities with seemingly no physical cause) using “animal magnetism”
Early practitioner of hypnosis

30
Q

Charcot (1825-1893)

A

His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for hysteria

Neumonic- fainting in a big coat on fire

31
Q

Breuer (1842-1925)

A

Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis in Anna O.

Neumonic: cat brewing beer being hypnotized

32
Q

cathartic method

A

Cathartic Method: release of emotion tension triggered by reliving and talking about event

33
Q

Freud (1856-1939)

A
  • Jointly published “Studies in Hysteria” in 1959 with Breuer
    Serves as the basis for Freud’s theory
  • Freudian or Psychoanalytic theory
    • Human behavior determined by unconscious forces
    • Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces
34
Q

freuds structure of the mind

A

id:
- unconscious
- pleasure principle: immediate gratification
- libido= energy of id

Ego
- primarily conscious
- reality principle: attempts to satisfy id’s demands w/in reality’s constraints

Superego
- the conscience
- develops as we incorporate parental and society values

35
Q

defense mechanisms (freud)

A

id ego and superego continually in conflict, conflict generates anxiety

strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety

Selected defense mechanisms:
Repression, denial, projection, displacement, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, sublimation

36
Q

goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy (Psychoanalysis

A

goals of psychoanalysis:

  • Understand early childhood experiences, particularly key (parental) relationships
  • Understand patterns in current relationships
37
Q

psychoanalytic techniques

A
  • Free association
  • interpretation
  • Analysis of Transference
38
Q

free association (psychoanalysis)

A

patient encouraged to say whatever comes to mind uncensored

39
Q

interpretation (psychoanalysis)

A

analyst points out meaning of a person’s behavior

40
Q

Transference (psychoanalysis)

A

patient’s response to their analyst in ways they’ve responded to other important figures in their life

41
Q

Jung (1987-1961)

A
  • Analytical psychology
  • Collective unconscious
    • Archetypes
  • Cataloged personality characteristics
    • Extraversion vs introversion
42
Q

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

A

Individual psychology

Fulfillment derived from working for the social good

Neumonic: hitler, individual, work

43
Q

Continuing influence of Freud

A
  • Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
  • There are unconscious influences on behavior
  • The causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious
44
Q

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

A

father of behaviorism

Neumonic: Emma Watson saying look at my behavior acting wacky

45
Q

Behaviorism

A

focuses on observable behavior rather than consciousness or mental functioning

  • Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies

Neumonic: Emma Watson with a magnifying glass looking at a tiny school in a behive

46
Q

three types of learning

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Operant Conditioning
  • Modeling

Neumonic: school, three teachers- Mozart, a telephone operator, and a model

47
Q

Classical Conditioning:

A

Pavlov (1849-1936)

unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) creates unconditioned response (salivation)

classical conditioning is when a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes a conditioned stimulus when associated enough with unconditioned stimulus (meat powder), creating a conditioned response to the bell

extinction is gradual removal of the unconditioned stimulus, eventually removing conditioned response

48
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

relies on a behavior being performed, and there’s a consequence to the behavior (Operant= behavior)

Neumonic: operator explaining she performs a behavior (makes a call) and there is a consequence (someone answers)

49
Q

Edward Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

Learning through consequences

Law of Effect: Behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated, behavior followed by unpleasant consequences discouraged

(neumonic: if you touch a thorn, it will hurt and you wont do it again)

50
Q

B.F Skinner (1904-1990)

A

Principle of Reinforcement

  • Positive reinforcement:
    Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
  • Negative reinforcement:
    Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened

(neumonic: reinforced skin, covered in tape or plastic saying ooh this feels good, I think I’ll do this again!)

51
Q

Modeling:

A

Learning by watching and imitating others behaviors
Can occur w/out reinforcement

Bandura and Menlove (1968)
- Used modeling to reduce children’s fear of dogs

52
Q

Behavior Therapy (Behavior Modification)

A

Behavior modification is a type of behavior therapy. B. F. Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be shaped through reinforcement and/or punishment.

53
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Joseph Wolpe 1958

  • Used to treat phobias and anxiety
  • Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to their fear
    • Starts w/ minimal anxiety producing condition, gradually progresses
54
Q

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Rewarding a behavior sometimes more effective than rewarding every time and then removing reward

55
Q

Limitations of Behavior Therapy

A

How we think or appraise a situation influences our feelings and behaviors

56
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A
  • Emphasize how people think about themselves and their experiences can be a major determinant of psychopathology
  • Focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts
  • Change cognitions to change feelings and behaviors

aaron beck’s cognitive therapy

Neumonic: inside a giant cog- brain hugging self, red maladaptive thoughts- take out and look at, turn them green

57
Q

REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

A

Albert Ellis (1913-2007)

Identify irrational thoughts and change them

Neumonic- Ellis Island- do you have any rational/irrational thoughts? Change them.next

58
Q

Psychologists

A
  • Clinical or Counseling Psychologist
  • Ph.D. or Psy.D.
  • Trained both as a scientist (need to do independent research) and practitioner (1. learn to assess and diagnose psychopathology, and 2. Learn to practice psychotherapy
59
Q

Psychiatrists

A
  • M.D.s- can prescribe psychotropic medications
  • Have a residency where they receive supervision in practice and diagnosis and pharmacotherapy (administering medicine)
60
Q

Psychiatric Nurses and Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners

A
  • Nurses that take advanced training psychiatric methods
  • Nurse Practitioners can prescribe medication under supervision
61
Q

social workers

A
  • M.S.W.
  • Not trained in psychological assessment more trained in therapeutic services
62
Q

Master’s Level Therapists and Counselors

A

MFT
MHC

63
Q
A

Abnormal Psych (16 decks)

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