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Unit 2 > Haematopoeisis > Flashcards

Haematopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

formation and development of blood cells

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2
Q

Cellular component of RBC

A

Erythrocyte

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3
Q

Name the Granulocytes (3)

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
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4
Q

Name the Lymphocytes (3)

A
  • B cell
  • T cell
  • NK cell
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5
Q

Name the 3 types of Leukocytes/WBC (3)

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Granulocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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6
Q

What do Megakaryocytes mature into?

A

Platelets

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7
Q

Where does Haematopoeisis occur?

A

Bone Marrow

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8
Q

Stages of cell development (4)

A
  • Haematopoietic Stem Cells
  • Common Progenitors
  • Committed Progenitors
  • Mature cells
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9
Q

Describe:
- Haematopoietic Stem Cells
- Common Progenitors
- Committed Progenitors
- Mature cells
(4)

A
  • Multipotent
  • Oligopotent
  • Unipotent
  • released into blood stream
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10
Q

Multipotent (2)

A
  • can self-renew
  • can differentiate into any type of HSC
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11
Q

Oligopotent (2)

A
  • can self renew
  • can differentiate into a subset of cell types
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12
Q

Unipotent (2)

A
  • can only differentiate into 1 cell type
  • with many intermediate stages
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13
Q

Outline the basic stages of Haematopoeisis (5)

A
  • Proliferation
  • Differentiation
  • Maturation
  • Egress from bone marrow
  • Survival in tissue
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14
Q

Outline process of Haematopoeisis leading to Platelets (7)

A
  • Long term HSC
  • Short term HSC
  • Multi Potent Progenitor
  • Common Myeloid Progenitor
  • Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Platelets
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15
Q

Outline process of Haematopoeisis leading to Erythrocytes (6)

A
  • Long term HSC
  • Short term HSC
  • Multi Potent Progenitor
  • Common Myeloid Progenitor
  • Megakaryocyte-Erythroid Progenitor
  • Erythrocytes
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16
Q

Outline process of Haematopoeisis leading to Granulocytes (6)

A
  • Long term HSC
  • Short term HSC
  • Multi Potent Progenitor
  • Common Myeloid Progenitor
  • Granulocyte-Macrophage Prog.
  • Granulocytes
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17
Q

Outline process of Haematopoeisis leading to Monocyte (6)

A
  • Long term HSC
  • Short term HSC
  • Multi Potent Progenitor
  • Common Myeloid Progenitor
  • Granulocyte-Macrophage Prog.
  • Monocyte
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18
Q

Outline process of Haematopoeisis leading to B-cell and T-cell (6)

A
  • Long term HSC
  • Short term HSC
  • Multi Potent Progenitor
  • Common Lymphoid Progenitor
  • Pro B and Pro T
  • B-cell and T-cell
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19
Q

What needs to maintained to preserve Haematopoeisis?

A

HSC pool

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20
Q

Stem Cell Factor (1)

What does SCF bind to? (1)

Where is SCF produced? (1)

A
  • Haematopoietic cytokine
  • binds to c-kit (the SCF receptor)
  • produced by endothelial cells and fibroblasts in bone marrow
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21
Q

What is the differentiation signal for MPP to CMP?

A

IL-3

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22
Q

What is the differentiation signal for MPP to CLP?

A

IL-7

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23
Q

BFU (2)

A
  • Burst forming units
  • highly proliferative
24
Q

CFU (2)

A
  • Colony forming units
  • limited proliferative capacity
25
Q

What causes BFU-E to proliferate?

A

IL-3

26
Q

What happens when IL-3 causes BFU-E to proliferate? (2)

A
  • rises to multi-clustered colonies of erythroid progenitors (CFU-E)
  • which develop to become Erythrocytes (RBC)
27
Q

Why can’t CFU-E self-proliferate?
When can they proliferate?

A
  • because they only have Erythropoietin receptor
  • they can proliferate with Erythropoietin (EPO) binding to its EPO receptor
28
Q

Stages of Erythrocyte development (6)

A
  • Proerythroblast
  • Basophilic Erythroblast
  • Polychromatic Erythroblast
  • Orthochromatic Erythroblast
  • Reticulocyte
  • Erythrocyte
29
Q

How are Erythrocytes removed from circulation? (2)

A
  • Macrophages break them down
  • recycle Haemoglobin
30
Q

What regulates Erythropoiesis? (2)

A
  • Receptors in Kidney tubules
  • EPO
31
Q

Hypoxia (1)

Hypoxia contributing factors (5)

A

Low O2
- low atmospheric 02
- anaemia
- Hb defect
- reduced renal blood flow
- compromised cardiopulmonary function

32
Q

What does Kidney produce when Hypoxia is detected?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

33
Q

What is Erythropoietin? (2)

A
  • cytokine
  • stimulates RBC production (erythropoiesis) in bone marrow
34
Q

How is EPO produced?

A

by endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries in renal cortex

35
Q

How is production of Erythropoietin regulated? (5)

A
  • kidney releases EPO into bloodstream to reach bone marrow
  • hence increased Erythropoiesis
  • hence more Erythrocytes released into blood
  • hence increased O2 capacity
  • which inhibits further EPO production
36
Q

Stages of Thrombopoiesis (4)

A
  • Megakaryoblast
  • Pro Megakaryocyte
  • Megakaryocyte
  • Platelets
37
Q

What regulates Thrombopoiesis? (2)

A
  • liver and kidney produces
  • TPO
38
Q

What is Thrombopoietin? (3)

A
  • hormone
  • stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes
  • signals to increase production of platelets
39
Q

How is production of Thrombopoietin regulated? (4)

A
  • TPO produced in liver and kidney
  • TPO signals to increase platelet production
  • mature platelets bind to TPO in bloodstream
  • they then internalise TPO and degrade it
40
Q

Anaemia

A

deficiency of Erythrocytes or Haemoglobin

41
Q

Sign of Anaemia

A

Reticulocytes in peripheral circulation

42
Q

Transferrin

A

transports iron through the blood to various tissues and bone marrow

43
Q

What helps regulate differentiation of monocytes or granulocytes?

A

The balance of PU.1 and C/EBP-alpha

44
Q

Monocytes and Granulocytes:

What does CMP (common myeloid progenitor) differentiate into?

A

GMP (Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)

45
Q

PU.1

A

Transcription factor

46
Q

1) GM-CSF
2) G-CSF
3) M-CSF
4) What do they bind to?

A

1) Granulocyte-monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

2) Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

3) Monocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

4) They’re receptors on GMP (Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)

47
Q

What does C/EBP-alpha up regulate?

A

G-CSFR

48
Q

Stages of differentiation of Granulocytes (5)

A
  • Myeloblast
  • Pro-myelocyte
  • Myelocyte
  • N.Metamyelocyte
  • E.Metamyelocyte
  • B-Metamyelocyte
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
49
Q

What promotes differentiation from LT-HSC to ST-HSC?

A

SCF

50
Q

What promotes differentiation from MPP to CLP?

A

IL-7 (MPP to CLP)

51
Q

1) What promotes differentiation from Pro-B to B-cell?

2) What promotes differentiation from Pro-T to T-cell?

A

1) IL-6 (Pro-B to B-cell)

2) IL-2 (Pro-T to T-cell)

52
Q

What promotes differentiation from MPP to CMP? (2)

A
  • IL-3
  • GM-CSF
53
Q

1) What promotes differentiation from CMP to MEP? (2)

2) What promotes differentiation from MEP to Megakaryocyte?

3) What promotes differentiation from MEP to Erythrocyte?

A

1) IL-3 and GM-CSF
2) TPO
3) EPO

54
Q

1) What promotes differentiation from GMP to Monocyte?

2) What promotes differentiation from GMP to Neutrophil?

3) What promotes differentiation from GMP to Eosinophil?

4) What promotes differentiation from GMP to Basophil?

A

1) M-CSF (monocyte)

2) G-CSF (neutrophil)

3) IL-3 and IL-5 (eosinophil)

4) IL-4 (basophil)

55
Q

Leukaemia (2)

A
  • malignant progressive disease
  • bone marrow produces increased number of immature or abnormal leukocytes

Unit 2 (7 decks)

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