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Anatomy & Physiology Skeletal > The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

how does the axial contribute to homeostasis?

A

by protecting many of the body’s organs

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2
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

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3
Q

what is included in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull
auditory ossicles
hyoid bone
ribs
ste4rnum
vertebrae
sacrum

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4
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the upper and lower extremities and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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5
Q

how are bones classified?

A

mostly by their shape

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6
Q

what are the types of bones?

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

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7
Q

what are structural bones

A

small, extra bone plates located within the sutures of cranial bones

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8
Q

what are sutures?

A

are the jointed areas where flat bones come together

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9
Q

what are surface markings?

A

structural features adapted for specific functions

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of surface markings?

A

depressions and openings
processes

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11
Q

what are depressions and openings?

A

form joints
allow the passage of soft tissue

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12
Q

what are processes?

A

projections or outgrowths that form joints
serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons

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13
Q

what is a fissure?

A

narrow split between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
(Depressions and Openings)

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14
Q

what is a foramen

A

opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
Depressions and Openings)

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15
Q

What is a fossa

A

shallow depression
(Depressions and Openings)

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16
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
(Depression and Opening)

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17
Q

What is a meatus?

A

Tubelike opening
(Depression and Opening)

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18
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

furrow along bone surface that accommodates blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

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19
Q

What processes form joints

A

Condyle
Facet
Head

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20
Q

what is a condyle?

A

large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone

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21
Q

what is a facet?

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface

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22
Q

what is a head?

A

Usually rounded articular projection supported on neck (constricted portion) of bone

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23
Q

What processes form attachment points for connective tissue?

A

crest
epicondyle
linea
spinous process
trochanter
tubercle
tuberosity

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24
Q

What is a crest?

A

prominent ridge or elongated projection

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25
Q

what is Epicondyle?

A

typically roughened projection above condyle

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26
Q

what is Linea?

A

long narrow ridge or border

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27
Q

what is a spinous process?

A

sharp slender projection

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28
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Very large projection

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29
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

variably-sized rounded projection

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30
Q

What is Tuberosity?

A

Variably-sized projection that has a rough bumpy surface

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31
Q

how many bones are in the skull

A

22

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of TMJ?

A

dull pain around ear, tender5 jaw muscles, clicking noise

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33
Q

What is TMJ caused by?

A

caused by improperly aligned teeth, grinding of teeth, head trauma, arthritis

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34
Q

what is a deviated septum?

A

occurs when septum does not run along the midline of the nasal cavity

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35
Q

what is the cause of deviated septum?

A

trauma to nose, developmental abnormality

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36
Q

what are the symptoms of a deviated septum?

A

inflammation, infection, congestion, headaches, nosebleeds

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37
Q

what are the foramens/canals of the skull?

A

Carotid canal
Hypoglossal canal
Infraorbital
Jugular
Lacerum
Magnum
Mandibular
Mastoid
Mental
Cribiform
Optic canal
Ovale
Rotundum
Stylomastoid
Supraorbital

38
Q

where is the carotid canal located?

A

petrous portion of temporal bone

39
Q

What structures pass thru carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery, sympathetic nerves for eyes

40
Q

where is the hypoglossal canal located?

A

Superior to base of occipital condyles

41
Q

What structures pass thru hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal (XII) nerve, branch of ascending pharyngeal blood vessel

42
Q

where is the infraorbital located?

A

inferior to orbit in maxilla

43
Q

what structures pass thru infraorbital

A

infraorbital nerve and blood vessels, branch of maxillary branch of trigeminal (V) nerve

44
Q

where is the jugular located

A

posterior to carotid canal between petrous portion of temporal bone and occipital bone

45
Q

what structures pass thru julgular?

A

internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) and accessory (XI) nerves

46
Q

Where is the location of the lacerum?

A

bounded anteriorly by sphenoid bone, posteriorly by petrous portion of temporal bone, medially by sphenoid and occipital bones

47
Q

What structures pass thru lacerum ?

A

branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

48
Q

where is the location of the magnum?

A

occipital bone

49
Q

what structures pass thru magnum?

A

medulla oblongata and its membranes, accessory nerve (XI) vertebral and spinal arteries

50
Q

where is the mandibular located?

A

medial surface of ramus of mandible

51
Q

what structures pass thru mandibular?

A

inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels

52
Q

where is the mastoid located?

A

posterior border of mastoid process of temporal bone

53
Q

what structures pass thru mastoid?

A

emissary vein to transverse sinus, branch of occipital artery to dura mater

54
Q

where is mental located?

A

inferior to second premolar tooth in mandible

55
Q

what structures pass thru mental?

A

mental nerve and vessels

56
Q

Where is the cribform located?

A

crib form plate of ethmoid bone

57
Q

what structure pass thru cribform?

A

Olfactory (I) nerve

58
Q

where is the optic canal located?

A

between superior and inferior portions of small wing of sphenoid bone.

59
Q

what structures pass thru optic canal?

A

Optic (II) nerve, ophthalmic blood vessels.

60
Q

where is the oval located?

A

greater wing of sphenoid bone

61
Q

what structures pass thru ovale?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal (V) nerve

62
Q

Where is the rotunda located?

A

junction of anterior and medial parts of sphenoid bone

63
Q

what structures pass thru rotundum?

A

maxillary division of trigeminal (V) nerve

64
Q

where is the stylomastoid located?

A

between styloid and mastoid processes of temporal bone

65
Q

what structures pass thru the stylomastoid?

A

facial (VII) nerve, stylomastoid vessels

66
Q

Where is the supraorbital located?

A

supraorbital margin of orbit in frontal bone

67
Q

what structures pass thru supraorbital

A

supraorbital nerve and blood vessels

68
Q

what are the types of sutures?

A

coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous

69
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

mucous membrane-lined cavities in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

70
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses used for?

A

resonating chambers to enhance the voice
increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and help to moisten it

71
Q

what are fontanels?

A

areas of a fetus/bab where unossified mesenchyme develops into dense connective tissue

72
Q

what does the hyoid bone do?

A

supports tongue and provides attachment site for some neck muscles and pharynx

73
Q

how many vertebrae are in the spine?

A

26

74
Q

how many regions is the spinal cord divided into?

A

5

75
Q

what are the 4 curves of the spine?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

76
Q

what are intervertebral discs?

A

composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage and inner soft nucleus with layer of hyaline cartliage on top and bottom of each disc

77
Q

what do intervertebral discs do?

A

absorb shock and separate the vertebrae from one another

78
Q

how many vertebrae in the cervical section?

A

7

79
Q

what are C1 and C2 also known as?

A

C1 = Atlas
C2 = Axis

80
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

81
Q

which are the largest and strongest vertebrae?

A

lumbar

82
Q

how many vertebrae in lumbar region

A

5

83
Q

how many vertebral in sacral region?

A

1

84
Q

how many vertebrae in coccyx region?

A

1

85
Q

how many segments are there of the sternum?

A

3
upper manubrium
middle body
lower diploid process

86
Q

how many ribs are there

A

12 pairs

87
Q

what are the 3 curve related pathologies in the spine?

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

88
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

increased lateral curvature

89
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

increased thoracic curve bent forward

90
Q

what is lordosis?

A

increased lumber curve bent backwards

91
Q

what is spinal bifida?

A

congenital defect of the vertebral column where laminae do not develop normally

92
Q

where do spinal fractures usually occur?

A

C1,C2, C4-T and T12-L2

Anatomy & Physiology Skeletal (6 decks)

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