Topic Test 1

Question 1

Two methods of tissue/cell sample collection

Answer 1

Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA)
Biopsy

Question 2

Types of biopsies?

Answer 2

Excisional - removal of the entire tumour
Incisional - small sample/portion of tumour removed

Question 3

What is the basophilic stain that appears purple under the microscope?

Answer 3

Haematoxylin (basic structures)

Question 4

What is the eosinophilic stain that appears pink under the microscope?

Answer 4

Eosin (acidic structures)

Question 5

Three categories of cells

Answer 5

Universal
Eukaryotic
Metazoan

Question 6

Are universal cells derived from LUCA or LECA?

Answer 6

LUCA

Question 7

Are eukaryotic cells derived from LUCA or LECA?

Answer 7

LECA

Question 8

What are cell membranes comprised of?

Answer 8

Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins
Carbohydrate chains

Question 9

What are easily diffused through cell membranes?

Answer 9

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Lipids
Ethanol (alcohol)

Question 10

Types of membrane proteins

Answer 10

Receptor
Transporter
Enzyme
Anchor (structural protein)

Question 11

Describe the Sodium Potassium pump

Answer 11

Greater extracellular Na and intracellular K
3 Na+ ions move out of cell membrane
2 K+ ions move into cell membrane
Utilises ATP as source of energy, moving against concentration gradient

Question 12

Are all nuclei spherical/round?

Answer 12

No, they may also be spindle, kidney shaped or multilobular depending on cell type

Question 13

What is chromatin made of? What are the two types?

Answer 13

Comprised of DNA and basic proteins (histone and non-histone proteins)
- heterochromatin: wrapped around histones => metabolically inactive/not undergoing transcription (purple on slide)
- euchromatin: spread out/open => metabolically active/undergoing transcription (pink on slide)

Question 14

What is DNA made of? Single or double helix? What produces, maintains and arranges DNA?

Answer 14

Four nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
Double stranded helix
Produced and maintained by DNA polymerase
Arranged by histones

Question 15

Transcription…

Answer 15

Occurs when mRNA is produced by RNA polymerase
Subsequently exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 16

Translation…

Answer 16

Occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Three nucleotide codons translate into an amino acid
Subsequently polymerised into a protein

Question 17

What are mitochondria, and their function?

Answer 17

Maternally derived with its’ own DNA
Main function is to produce energy (ATP, NADH etc) via oxidative phosphorylation
Two membranes: inner (cells’ own bacterial membrane) and outer (eukaryotic cell membrane)

Question 18

Three types of filament in the cytoskeleton:

Answer 18

Actin/microfilaments => strands in double helix
Intermediate filaments => fibres wound into thicker strands
Microtubules => hollow tube

Question 19

Three types of intercellular junctions?

Answer 19

Chemical => tight junctions
Mechanical => adherent junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
Communication => gap junctions

Question 20

Four primary tissue types?

Answer 20

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

Question 21

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from…

Answer 21

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 22

Three components of connective tissue:

Answer 22

Cells
Fibres
Ground substance

Question 23

What does the extracellular matrix consist of?

Answer 23

Ground substance
Fibres

Question 24

What is the main cell type that forms all connective tissue?

Answer 24

Fibroblasts
- Actively produce collagen (from protein)
- Secrete fibre and ground substance
- Plump, spindle shaped appearance

Question 25

What is the inactive/resting form of a fibroblast?

Answer 25

Fibrocytes
- No collagen production
- Maintain fibre and ground substance
- Elongated spindle shaped
- Chromatin and nuclear appear darker histologically

Question 26

Three types of fibre?

Answer 26

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic