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MLS > Immunology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Gumma

A

Painful immune tumors associated with Tertiary Syphilis

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2
Q

Latent Syphilis can be found in

A

Bone marrow
lymph glands
vital organs
central nervous system (CNS)

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3
Q

Darkfield Exam

A
  • Used in detection of primary and secondary syphilis
  • Looking for rapid motility
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4
Q

VDRL Heat Inactivation

A
  • Heat serum to 56C for 30 min to destroy complement
  • If repeat testing, must re-heat for 10 min
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5
Q

RPR stands for

A

Rapid Plasma Reagin

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6
Q

RPR adds _____ to VDRL

A
  • Charcoal for visualization
  • Choline Chloride to destroy complement
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7
Q

FTS-ABS

A
  • Indirect fluorescent antibody test
  • Confirmatory test
  • Reiter strain as a sorbent
  • Nichols strain adsorbed to slide
  • 80% positive in Primary Siphilis, 100% by secondary, antibodies for life
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8
Q

Relapsing Fever (Epidemic)

A
  • Causitive agent: Bornelia recurrentis
  • Widespread
  • Lice vector
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9
Q

Relapsing Fever (Endemic)

A
  • Causitive agent: Borrelia spp.
  • Pockets of infection
  • Soft-shell tick vector
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10
Q

Lyme’s Disease

A
  • Causitive agent: Borrelia burgdorferi
  • Hard-shell tick vector
  • “Bulls-eye” rash
  • Flu-like and neurological symptoms
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11
Q

Relapsing fever microbe also seen by

A

Hematology - spirochete on Wright’s Stain

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12
Q

Treatment for Lyme’s Disease

A
  • Doxycycline followed by amoxicillin
  • Neuroborreliosis requires IV antibiotics
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13
Q

Lyme’s Disease Tests

A
  • EIA
  • IFA
  • Western Blot
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14
Q

Western Blot for Lyme’s Disease

A

Detects Outer Surface Protein
- 23-25 kDa (Osp C)
- 31 kDa (Osp A)
- 34 kDa (Osp B)
- 39 kDa
- 41 kDa
- 83-89 kDa

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15
Q

Blood Supply is screened for:

A
  • HepB
  • HepC
  • HTLV-1
  • West Nile Virus
  • Chagas Disease
  • CMV
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16
Q

Fulminant hepatitis

A

Rare acute form, leads to liver failure and death

17
Q

ALT

A

Liver-specific enzyme elevated in blood in cases of liver damage

18
Q

AST

A

Non-liver-specific enzyme elevated in blood in cases of liver damage

19
Q

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

A
  • Found in biliary duct lining
    Elevates with:
  • large bile duct obstruction
  • Intrahepatic cholestasis
  • Infiltrative diseases of the liver
20
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD.LDH)

A
  • Elevated in liver disease (especially LD5)
  • Present in RBCs, cardiac and skeletal muscle
21
Q

Liver Disease Bilirubin

A

Direct > Indirect

22
Q

HepA

A
  • ssRNA
  • HAV shed in feces 1-4 weeks after infection
  • Anti-HAV (IgM) and (IgG) by Immunoassay
23
Q

HepB General Info

A
  • dsDNA
  • Hepadnaviridae family
  • “Dane” particle
  • Antigens: Surface, Envelope, Core
24
Q

Indicates clearing of HepB infection

A

Anti-HBs
- known as “seroconversion”
- goal response from vaccination

25
Q

Detectable during the “core window” of HepB (4-6 weeks)

A

Anti-HBc IgM and IgG

26
Q

Indicates progression toward convalescene in HepB

A

Anti-HBe

27
Q

Not produced in chronic carriers of HepB

A

Anti-HBs

28
Q

HepB Antigen Detectability

A

HBsAg: 1.5-4 weeks (normal testing)
HBeAg: 1.5-3 weeks (normal testing)
HBV DNA: 1.5-2.5 weeks (donor bags only)

29
Q

HepC General Info

A
  • ssRNA
  • Flaviviridae family
  • No vaccine
  • 50-80% of infected become chronic carriers
30
Q

HepC Testing

A
  • Antigenic testing for virus (6-10 weeks)
  • Anti-HCV (~4 months)
31
Q

HIV General Info

A
  • dsRNA Retrovirus (with reverse transcriptase)
  • Icosahedral (20-sided) enveloped virus
  • Antigens: Envelope, Matrix, Core/Capsule
32
Q

Structural Genes

A
  • Group Specific Antigen (Gag)
  • Envelope (Env)
  • Polymerase (Pol)
33
Q

Gag antigens

A

p15 and p24

34
Q

Env antigens

A

gp160 (polyprotein), gp120 (knobs), gp41 (transmembrane)

35
Q

Pol antigens

A

p66, p51, p31 (less important for detection)

36
Q

Threshold of HIV/AIDS

A

CD4 count drops below 500 cells / uL

37
Q

Normal CD4/CD8 Ratio

A

1:1 or 2:1

38
Q

HIV Testing

A
  • Sandwich ELISA for p24
  • Western Blot (p24, p41, gp120/160 most important)
  • Viral Load (how much HIV-RNA in 1 mL of blood)
39
Q

Western Blot principle

A
  • Antigens separated on Lysate paper via electrophoresis form bands based upon mass
  • Only as good as the antigens you maintain for controls

MLS (18 decks)

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