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theory test studyguide Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE TWO TYPES OF IV SOLUTION

A
  1. CRYSTALLOID, 2. COLLOID
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2
Q

ISOTONIC

A

WHEN CLIENTS CANNOT EAT OR DRINK

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3
Q

HYPOTONIC

A

REHYDRATE CLIENTS EXPERIENCING FLUID LOSS

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4
Q

HYPERTONIC

A

USED WHEN NECESSARY TO REDUCE CEREBRAL EDEMA, EXPAND CIRCULATORY VOLUME, RAOIDY TREAT SEVERE INTRAVASCULAR FLUID INTO EXTRA VASCULAR AREAS

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5
Q

WHAT PATIENT CONDITION WOULD A NURSE ADMINISTER ALBUMIN

A

HYPOALBUMINENEMIA,

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6
Q

WHAT PATIENT CONDITION WOULD A NURSE ADMINISTER PLATELETS

A

CANCER PATIENTS OR PATIENTS WITH BLOOD DISORDERS, UNDERGOING OPEN HEART SURGERY OT ORGAN TRANSPLANTS

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7
Q

WHAT IS MICRODRIP

A

SMALL SIZE DROPS

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8
Q

WHAT IS MACRODRIPS

A

LARGE SIZED DROPS

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9
Q

WHAT DOES GRAVITY HAVE TO DO WITH HOW FAST THE FLUID IS INFUSED

A

HEIGHT OF THE IV SOLUTION IN RELATION TO THE INFUSION SITE INFLUENCES THE RATE OF FLOW

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10
Q

GERENTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

A

CLIENTS UNDERGOING STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION OR THOSE FOR WHOM AGGRESSIVE DRUG THERAPY TREAT INFECTION AND NEUTROPENIA

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11
Q

HOW OFTEN IS IV TUBING REPLACED

A

EVERY 72 HOURS

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12
Q

WHAT ARE SOME COMPLICATIONS OF IV THERAPY

A

SKIN INTEGRITY CAN BE COMPROMISED, PHLEBITIS, THROMBUS FORMATION

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13
Q

WHAT IS A MEDICATION LOCK

A

SEALED CHAMBER THAT ALLOWS INTERMITTENT ACCESS TO A VEIN. USED WHEN THE CLIENT NO LONGER NEEDS CONTINUOUS INFUSION, NEEDS INTERMITTENT IV MEDICATION OR NEEDS EMERGENCY IV FLUIDS OR MEDICATION

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14
Q

WHAT IS TPN

A

TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION

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15
Q

THE COMPOSITION OF TPN SOLUTION IS WHAT

A

INDIVIDUALIZED ACCORDING TO THE CLIENT’S NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND MEDICAL CONDITIONS

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16
Q

WHAT ARE LIPIDS

A

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT ARE FATTY ACIDS OR THEIR DERIVATIVES AND ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

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17
Q

WHAT BLOOD TYPE IS UNIVERSAL DONOR

A

0

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18
Q

WHAT BLOOD IS UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

A

AB

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19
Q

WHERE IS THE WATER IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID

A

WITH IN CELLS

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20
Q

WHERE IS THE WATER IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

A

REST OUTSIDE THE CELLS

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21
Q

WHERE IS THE WATER IN INTERSTITIAL FLUID

A

BETWEEN CELLS

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22
Q

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID

A

IN THE PLASMA

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ORAL FLUID INTAKE FOR AN ADULT

A

2500 mL/ DAY. RANGE 1900 AND 300 mL/DAY

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24
Q

WHAT ARE SOME OTHER WAYS OUR BODY LOSES FLUID

A

BOWEL ELIMINATION, PERSPIRATION AND BREATHING

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25
Q

WHAT IS OSMOSIS

A

THE MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE ONE THAT ALLOWS SOME BUT NOT ALL SUBSTANCES IN A SOLUTION TO PASS THROUGH FROM A DILUTED AREA TO A MORE CONCENTRATED AREA

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26
Q

DEFINE FILTRATION

A

PROMOTE THE MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND SOME DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE ACCORDING TO PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

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27
Q

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

A

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS BY WHICH DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES MORE FROM AN AREA OF HIGH CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION THROUGH A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE

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28
Q

FACILLITATED DIFFUSION

A

PROCESS WHICH CERTAIN DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES REQUIRE THE ASSISTANCE OF A CARRIER MOLECULE TO PASS FROM ONE SIDE OF A CELLULAR MEMBRANE TO THE OTHER

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29
Q

WHAT IS ADH

A

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE, RELEASED BY THE POSTERIOR LOVE OF THE PITUITARY GLAND INHIBITS URINE FORMATION BY INCREASING REABSOPRTION OF WATER FROM THE DISTAL AND COLLECTING TUBULES IN THE NEPHRONS OF THE KIDNEY.

30
Q

WHAT IS THE RENIN ANGIOTENSINS ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM

A

SERIES OF CHEMICAL RELEASED TO INCREASE BOTH BLOOD PRESSURE AND BLOOD VOLUME TRIGGERED BY THE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS. A RING OF PRESSURE SENSING CELLS THAT SURROUND THE ARTERIOLES LEADING TO EACH GLOMERULUSIM .

31
Q

WHAT IS HYPOVOLEMIA

A

LOW VOLUME OF EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID

32
Q

WHAT IS HEMOCONCENTRATION

A

HIGH RATIO OF BLOOD COMPONENTS IN RELATION OF WATERY PLASMA, INCREASES THE POTENTIAL FOR BLOOD CLOTS AND URINARY STONES AND COMPROMISES THE KIDNEYS ABILITY TO EXCRETE NITROGEN WASTE

33
Q

WHAT IS THE VERY FIRST SYMPTOM OF HYPOVOLEMIA

A

THIRST

34
Q

WHAT IS HYPERVOLEMIA

A

FLUID VOLUME THAT EXCEEDS WHAT IS NORMAL FOR THE INTRAVASCULAR SPACE AND CAN POTENTIALLY COMPROMISE CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE AND CAUSES THE HEART TO INCREASE IT FORCE OF CONTRACTION

35
Q

WHAT ARE SOME ERALY SIGNS OF HYPERVOLEMIA

A

PITTING EDEMA, WEIGHT GAIN, ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE, INCREASED BREATHING EFFORT

36
Q

WHAT IS THIRD-SPACING

A

THE TRANSLOCATION OF FLUID FROM THE INTRAVASCULAR INTERCELLULAR SPACE TO TISSUE COMPARTMENTS, WHERE IT BECOMES TRAPPED AND USELESS

37
Q

WHAT WOULD THE NURSE EXPECT A PHYSICIAN TO ORDER FOR THIRD SPACING

A

IV FLUID THERAPY, IV MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION

38
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER TERM FOR ANASARCA/ BRAWNT EDEMA

A

GENERALIZED EDEMA

39
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY ROLE OF SODIUM

A

THE CHIEF ACTION IN EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING NORMAL NERVE AND MUSCLE ACTIVITY, REGULATING OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND PRESERVING ACID-BASE BALANCE

40
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR SODIUM

A

135 TO 145 mEq/L

41
Q

hyponatremia can be caused by ?

A

PROFUSE DIAPHORESIS, EXCESSIVE INGESTION OF PLAIN WATER OR ADMINISTRATION OF NON ELECTROLYTE IV FLUIDS, PROFUSE DIERESIS, LOSS OF GI SECRETION AND ADDISON DISEASE

42
Q

WHAT ARE SYMPTOMS YOU MIGHT SEE IN A PERSON WHO IS HYPONATREMIC

A

MENTAL CONFUSION, MUSCULAR WEAKNESS, ANOREXIA, RESTLESSNESS, ELEVATED BODY TEMPERATURE, TACHYCARDIA, NAUSEA, VOMITING AND PERSONALITY CHANGES

43
Q

WHAT WOULD THE TREATMENT FOR SOMEONE WITH HYPONATREMIC BE

A

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM, ADMINISTRATION OF IV SOLUTIONS CONTAINING SODIUM CHLORIDE

44
Q

HYPERNATREMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

EXCESS SODIUM IN THE BLOOD, CAUSED BY PROFUSE WATERY DIARRHEA, EXCESSIVE SALT INTAKE WITHOUT SUFFICIENT WATER INTAKE

45
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS WOULD YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHI IS HYPERNATREMIC

A

THIRST, DRY STICKY MEMBRANES, DECREASED URINE OUTPUT, FEVER, A ROUGH DRY TONGUE, AND LETHARGY

46
Q

TREATMENT OF HYPERNATREMIC WOULD BE

A

ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PLAIN WATER OR IV ADMINISTRATION OF A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

47
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY ROLE OF POTASSIUM

A

THE CHIEF ELECTROLYTE FOUND IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID, SOME FUNCTIONS INTRACELLULARLY AS SODIUM HAS EXTRA CELLULARLY

48
Q

WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE OF POTASSIUM

A

3.5 TO 5.2 mEq/L

49
Q

what patient conditions can lead to hypokalemia

A

large doses of corticosteroids, IV administration of insulin and glucose, loss of fluid from the GI tract

50
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS MIGHT YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHI IS HYPOKALEMIC

A

FATIGUE, WEAKNESS, ANOREXIA, NAUSEA, VOMITING, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, LEG CRAMPS, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, PARESTHESIAS

51
Q

WHAT WOULD TREATMENT FOR HYPOKALEMIA INCLUDE

A

ELIMINATION OF THE CAUSE, ORAL INTAKE OF POTASSIUM RICH FOODS, PRESCRIBED POTASSIUM ORAL REPLACEMENT

52
Q

HYPERKALEMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

RENAL FAILURE, SEVERE BURNS, OVER USE OF POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTS, SALT SUBSTITUTES OR SOME DIET SODAS

53
Q

WHAT SYMPTOMS MIGHT YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHO IS HYPERKALEMIC

A

DIARRHEA, NAUSEA, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, PARESTHESIAS, CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS

54
Q

TREATMENT FOR HYPERKALEMIA WOULD INCLUDE

A

MILD HYPERKALEMIA IS TREATED BY DECREASING THE INTAKE OF POTASSIUM RICH FOODS OR DISCONTINUING ORAL POTASSIUM SUPPLEMENTS UNTIL LAB VALUES ARE NORMAL

55
Q

MOST OF THE BODYS CALCIUM IS FOUND WHERE

A

BONES AND TEETH

56
Q

WHAT IS CALCIUM NECESSARY FOR

A

BLOOD CLOTTING, SMOOTH SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE FUNCTION AND TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

57
Q

HYPOCALCEMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, SEVERE BURNS, ACUTE PANCREATITIS , CERTAIN DRUGS SUCH AS CORTICOSTEROIDS, RAPID ADMINISTRATION OF MULTIPLE UNITS OF BLOOD THAT CONTAIN AN ANTI-CALCIUM ADDITIVE,

58
Q

WHAT MIGHT YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHO IS HYPOCALCEMIC

A

SPASMS OF THE FACIAL MUSCLES, CARPOPEDAL SPASMS, MENTAL CHANGES, LARYNGEAL SPASMS WITH AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION, TETANY, SEIZURES, BLEEDING AND CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

59
Q

TREATMENT FOR HYPOCALCEMIA

A

ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL AND VITAMIN D FOR MILD DEFICITS IV ADMINISTRATION

60
Q

HYPERCALCEMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

PARATHYROID GLAND OF CALCIUM SALT, DISEASE, HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, EXCESSIVE DOSES OF VITAMIN D, PROLONGED IMMOBILIZATION SOME CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS

61
Q

TREATMENT FOR HYPERCALCEMIA

A

INCREASING ORAL FLUID INTAKE AND LIMITING CALCIUM CONSUMPTION UNTILA LAB FINDINGS ARE NORMAL, ADMINISTERING ONE OR MORE IV SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION AND A DIURETIC TO INCREASE CALCIUM EXCRETION IN THE URINE ORAL PHOSPHATE OF CALCITONIN

62
Q

WHAT IS MAGNESIUM NECESSARY FOR

A

TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES AND MUSCLE EXCITABILITY AND ACTIVATES SEVERAL ENZYME SYSTEMS, INCLUDING FUNCTIONING OF B VITAMINS AND USE OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM

63
Q

WHERE IS MAGNESIUM FOUND

A

BONE CELLS AND SPECIALIZED CELLS OF THE HEART, LIVER, AND SKELETAL MUSCLES

64
Q

HYPOMAGNESEMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, SEVERE RENAL DISEASE, SEVERE BURNS, SEVERE MALNUTRITION, PREGNANCY INDUCED, HYPOTENSION, INTESTINAL MALABSOPRTION SYNDROMES, EXCESSIVE DIURESIS

65
Q

WHAT MIGHT YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHO IS HYPOMAGNESEMIC

A

TACHYCARDIA AND OTHER CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, NEUROMUSCULAR IRRITABILITY, PARESTHESIAS OF THE EXTREMITIES, LEG AND FOOT CRAMPS, HYPERTENSION, MENTAL CHANGES, DYSPHASIA AND SEIZURES

66
Q

TREATMENT FOR HYPOMAGNESEMIA

A

ADMINISTRATION OF ORAL PARENTERAL MAGNESIUM SALTS OR THE MAGNESIUM RICH FOODS TO THE DIET

67
Q

HYPERMAGNESEMIA CAN BE CAUSED BY

A

RENAL FAILURE, ADDISON DISEASE, EXCESSIVE USE OF ANTACIDS OR LAXATIVES THAT CONTAIN MAGNESIUM AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

68
Q

WHAT MIGHT YOU SEE IN A PERSON WHI IS HYPERMAGNESEMIC

A

FLUSHING, WARMTH, HYPOTENSION, LETHARGY, DROWSINESS, BRADYCARDIA, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, DEPRESSED RESPIRATION AND COMA

69
Q

TREATMENT FOR HYPERMAGNESIMA INCLUDE

A

DECREASING ORAL MAGNESIUM INTAKE OR DISCONTINUING ADMINISTRATION OF PARENTERAL REPLACEMENT, IF SEVERE HEMODIALYSIS MAYBE NECESSARY

70
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO BODY SYSTEMS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING ACID-BASE BALANCE

A

RENAL SYSTEM AND PULMONARY SYSTEM

Anatomy (8 decks)

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