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medical terms and abbreviations 2023 > Medical Terminology > Flashcards

Medical Terminology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Alcorhydria

A

Absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices

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2
Q

Acromegaly

A

Abnormal development of the bones, chiefly of the hands and face; associated with dysfunction of the pituitary and/or thyroid gland

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3
Q

Adenoma

A

A new growth or neoplasm composed of epithelial tissue; may be benign or malignant

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4
Q

Adenopathy

A

Any disease of the glands

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5
Q

Afferent

A

Projecting to a structure

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6
Q

Akinesis

A

Absence of voluntary movement

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7
Q

Alopecia

A

Absence of hair in skin areas where it is normally present

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8
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of or abnormal stoppage of menses

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9
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted into more complex compounds by living cells
(e.g. the conversion of amino acids –> muscle protein)

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11
Q

Analgesic

A

Agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness

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12
Q

Anaphrodisia

A

Absence or loss of sexual desire

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13
Q

Anaphylactic

A

Unusual or exaggerated reaction of the body to a foreign pattern

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14
Q

Aneurysm

A

A sac formed by the dilation of the walls of an artery or of a vein and filled with blood

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15
Q

Angina

A

Spasmodic, choking, or suffocative pain; often used for the disease or condition producing such pain (e.g. angina pectoris = symptom of cardiac insufficiency characterized by chest pain)

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16
Q

Angiography

A

Description of the blood vessels and lymphatics obtained by radiography of vessels after injection with a radio-opaque material

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17
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack or loss of appetite for food

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18
Q

Anorexiant

A

An agent that reduces desire for food; an anoretic

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19
Q

Anovulation

A

Suspension or cessation of ovulation

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20
Q

Anoxia

A

Absence or loss of oxygen

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21
Q

Antacid

A

A drug that locally neutralizes excess gastric acid

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22
Q

Anthelmintic

A

Substance useful in the treatment of parasitic intestinal worms

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23
Q

Antibody

A

Modified type of serum globulin synthesized by lymphoid tissue in response to antigenic stimulus

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24
Q

Anticholinergic

A

Drug that prevents response to stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system; AKA parasympatholytics

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25
Q

Antidote

A

Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

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26
Q

Antiemetic

A

Agent that prevents vomiting

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27
Q

Antiflatulent

A

Agent that reduces GI tract gas (e.g. simethicone)

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28
Q

Antigalactagogue

A

Agent that tends to suppress milk secretion

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29
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that causes the production of antibodies when inoculated into the blood

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30
Q

Antineoplastic

A

Agent that is selectively toxic to rapidly multiplying cells; destroys malignant tumors

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31
Q

Antiperistaltic

A

Agent that decreases intestinal tract motility (useful in treating diarrhea, motion sickness, etc)

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32
Q

Antipruritic

A

Agent that relieves or reduces itching

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33
Q

Antipyretic

A

Agent that reduces or relieves fever

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34
Q

Antitussive

A

Agent that relieves or prevents coughing

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35
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine excretion from the body

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36
Q

Aphasia

A

Limited ability to understand or use symbols of language; either spoken or written

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37
Q

Apnea

A

Temporary cessation of breathing; asphyxia

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38
Q

Arrythmia

A

Variation from normal rhythm of heart

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39
Q

Arteriole

A

Small artery

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40
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Condition marked by thickening and hardening of the arteries due to loss of elasticity

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41
Q

Arthralgia

A

Neuralgia or pain in the joint

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42
Q

Arthritits

A

Inflammation of the joint

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43
Q

Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

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44
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds within the body

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45
Q

Asthenia

A

Lack or loss of strength and energy; weakness

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46
Q

Astringent

A

Mild protein precipitant for local application to harden skin, decrease secretion, or coagulate bleeding

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47
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of motor coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum; zigzag movement due to drinking alcohol or other CNS depressants

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48
Q

Atelectasis

A

Incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth, or the collapse of an adult lung

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49
Q

Atheroma

A

Any closed sac or cyst of noninflammatory origin filled with a gruel-like material

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50
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A lesion of the large or medium-sized arteries with deposits in the blood vessel lining (intima) of yellowish plaques containing cholesterol, lipoid material, and lipophages

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51
Q

Atonia, atony

A

Lack of normal strength or tone

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52
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin caused by allergy to substances either ingested or inhaled

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53
Q

Atrophy

A

A wasting away in the size of cell, tissue, organ, or other body part

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54
Q

Attenuation

A

Mutation to a less virulent form

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55
Q

Aura

A

Premonitory sensation that often precedes an epileptic fit

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56
Q

Azotemia

A

Presence of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood

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57
Q

bacteremia

A

The presence of bacteria in the blood

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58
Q

Bile

A

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder for breaking up fat globules

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59
Q

Bilirubin

A

A bile pigment

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60
Q

Biliuria

A

Presence of bile in the urine

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61
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids

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62
Q

Bowel

A

Intestine

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63
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormal slowness of the heartbeat (usually less than 60 bpm)

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64
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Dilation of the bronchial tubules

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65
Q

Bruit

A

Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

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66
Q

Bruxism

A

Grinding of the teeth other than normal chewing, especially when such movements occur during sleep

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67
Q

Bullous

A

Pertaining to or characterized by large blisters or cutaneous vesicles filled with serous fluid

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68
Q

Bursa

A

Sac or sac-like cavity filled with viscid fluid and situated at places in tissue where friction would otherwise develop

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69
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa, often characterized by difficulty of movement in body parts

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70
Q

Cachexia

A

Profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition

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71
Q

Callus

A

A broad, shallow, hyperkeratotic skin lesion

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72
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant new growth made of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate surrounding tissues causing metastasis

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73
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

Enlargement of the heart

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74
Q

Cardiopathy

A

Disease of the heart

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75
Q

Catabolism

A

Any destructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells into simple compounds; destructive metabolism

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76
Q

Celiac

A

Pertaining to the abdomen

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77
Q

Cellulitus

A

diffuse inflammation process in solid tissues; characterized by edema, pain, redness and possible interference with function

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78
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head or the head end of the body

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79
Q

Cerebrovascular

A

Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum or brain

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80
Q

Cerumen

A

Waxy secretion in the ear

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81
Q

Cervical

A

Neck region (C1-C7)

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82
Q

Chancre

A

The primary lesion of syphillis

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83
Q

Chancroid

A

Infection that begins on a pustule on genitals, grows rapidly, and finally breaks down into a virulent ulcer that discharges pus

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84
Q

Cheilosis

A

Condition marked by fissuring and dry scaling of the red surface of the lips and angles of the mouth; characteristic of riboflavin deficiency

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85
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder

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86
Q

Cholelithasis

A

Presence or formation of a gallstone(s)

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87
Q

Cholestasis

A

Stoppage or reduction of bile flow

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88
Q

Cirrhosis

A

End stage liver disease involving progressive destruction of liver cells accompanied by failure of hepatic cell function, poor blood flow in the liver, and an increase in connective tissue

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89
Q

Coccygeal

A

Region of the coccyx

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90
Q

Colic

A

Acute abdominal pain

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91
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

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92
Q

Comedo

A

A plug of dried sebum in the excretory duct;
closed comedo = whitehead
open comedo = blackhead

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93
Q

Congenital

A

Born with (e.g congenital deformity)

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94
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the eyeball

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95
Q

Corn

A

Well defined hyperkeratotic skin lesion

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96
Q

Creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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97
Q

Creatinine Clearance

A

Measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood

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98
Q

Cryotherapy

A

Use of coldness for therapeutic effects

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99
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blush discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane caused by excessive concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood

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100
Q

Cycloplegia

A

Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye and thus paralysis of accommodation

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101
Q

Cyst

A

a sac or cavity usually containing fluid or semisolid material

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102
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of urinary bladder

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103
Q

Decubitus

A

The act of lying down; a bed sore (decubitus ulcer)

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104
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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105
Q

Defibrillation

A

Brief discharges of electricity applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias

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106
Q

Dermatitis

A

An inflammation of the skin

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107
Q

Desquamation

A

Shedding of epithelial elements; chiefly of the skin in scales or sheets

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108
Q

Diabetogenic

A

Something (an agent, drug, etc.) causing diabetes mellitus

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109
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Perspiration, especially from sweat glands as perfuse perspiration

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110
Q

Diaphoretic

A

An agent that causes increased secretion from sweat glands

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111
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation (dilation) of the ventricles of the heart as they fill with blood (opposite of systole)

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112
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision

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113
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation and formation of small pouches along the border of the colon; such pouches fill with feces, which creates irritation leading to inflammation and abcess

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114
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Abnormal outpouching in the intestinal wall

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115
Q

Duodenum

A

The first or proximal portion of the small intestine extending from the pylorus to the jujenum

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116
Q

Dyscrasia

A

Morbid condition of the blood

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117
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine with evacuation containing blood and mucous

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118
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Impairments in performing voluntary movements

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119
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful or difficult menstruation

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120
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Impairment in digestive function

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121
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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122
Q

Dysphasia

A

Impaired or difficult speech

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123
Q

Dysphoria

A

A feeling of emotional and mental discomfort which could be a symptom of restlessness, depression, anxiety, etc.

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124
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

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125
Q

Dystonia

A

loss of muscle tone; involuntary, irregular muscle contraction

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126
Q

Dystrophy

A

Disorder arising from faulty nutrition or infection

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127
Q

Dysuria

A

Pain or difficulty in urination

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128
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Extravasation of blood under the skin, usually with skin discoloration (e.g. a small bruise)

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129
Q

Eclampsia

A

Convulsion or coma occurring in pregnant women; usually associated with hypertension, edema, or proteinurina

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130
Q

Ectopic

A

Location away from the normal position

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131
Q

Eczema

A

Skin inflammation accompanied by itching, exudation, and the formation of scales or crust

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132
Q

Edema

A

Presence of abnormally large mounts of fluids in the intercellular tissue spaces; demonstratable amount of excess fluid in subcutaneous tissues

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133
Q

Efferent

A

Conducting away from a structure

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134
Q

Embolism

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot brought from another location ( a thrombus that has broken loose)

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135
Q

Emesis

A

The act of vomiting

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136
Q

Emphysema

A

Hyperinflation of air with destruction of alveolar walls

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137
Q

Empyema

A

Accumulation of pus in a body cavity

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138
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain

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139
Q

Endarectomy

A

Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

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140
Q

Endemic

A

Disease of low morbidity that is constantly present in human community

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141
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endothelial lining membrane of the heart and the connective tissue bed on which it lies

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142
Q

Endoscopy

A

Inspection of any body cavity

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143
Q

Enteric

A

Pertaining to the intestine

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144
Q

Enteritis

A

inflammation in the intestine, especially the small intestine

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145
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine

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146
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease of high morbidity that occurs only occasionally in the community

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147
Q

Epigastric

A

Middle upper abdominopelvic region above the stomach

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148
Q

Epistaxis

A

Hemorrhage from the nose (nosebleed)

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149
Q

Erythema

A

Patchy or circular redness of the skin due to an excess of red corpuscles or erythrocytes in the lower layer of the skin

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150
Q

Erythema*

A

Polycythemia Vera; an excess of red corpuscles or erythrocytes by the bone marrow

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151
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

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152
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow

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153
Q

Etiology

A

The study of causes; causes of diseases

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154
Q

Euphoria

A

A feeling of general well being, bodily comfort, and the absence of general discomfort

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155
Q

Euthyroid

A

Condition of having a normally functioning thyroid gland

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156
Q

Exacerbation

A

An increase in the severity of a symptom or a disease

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157
Q

Exogenous

A

Originating or originally produced outside the body

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158
Q

Extravasation

A

A discharge or escape such as blood from a vessel into a tissue (i.e. hemorrhage); also refers to leakage form an intravenous line into surrounding tissue

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159
Q

Exudate

A

material such as fluid, cells, cellular debris that has escaped from blood vessels and deposited in tissues or tissue surfaces (usually the result of inflammation)

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160
Q

Fascia

A

A sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as that beneath the skin or enclosing muscles

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161
Q

Febrile

A

Penetrating to or characterized by fever

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162
Q

Fibrillation

A

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contraction of the heart

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163
Q

Fibrosis

A

The formation of fibrous tissue

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164
Q

Fissure (anal)

A

A painful ulcer at the margin of the anus

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165
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal organs, or leading form an internal organ to the body surface

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166
Q

flatulence

A

Accumulation of gases in the stomach and intestines with resultant distention

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167
Q

Flutter

A

Rapid but regular contraction

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168
Q

Fundus

A

The bottom or base of an organ or the part of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth

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169
Q

Gangrene

A

Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply

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170
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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171
Q

Genotype

A

The fundamental hereditary constitution (or assortment of alleles) of an individual

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172
Q

Geriatric

A

Branch of medicine that treats all problems peculiar to old age, including senility

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173
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gum tissue

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174
Q

Glaucoma

A

condition of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure

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175
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

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176
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue

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177
Q

Gluteal

A

Pertaining to the buttocks

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178
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Synthesis of glycogen

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179
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen and the release of glucose in the blood circulation

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180
Q

Goiter

A

Chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland

181
Q

Gout

A

Metabolic disease accompanied by excess uric acid in the blood, joint inflammation, and other symptoms

182
Q

Granulocyte

A

White blood cell with multiple dark-staining granules (eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil)

183
Q

Granulocytopenia

A

Deficiency of granulocytes in the blood

184
Q

Granulocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in the number of granulocytes in the blood

185
Q

Granuloma

A

Tumor or neoplasm made up of lymphoid tissue

186
Q

Hematochezia

A

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

187
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood

188
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized mass of extravascular coagulated blood (a bruise)

189
Q

Hematopoietic

A

Drug that stimulates production of blood cells

190
Q

Hematuria

A

Presence of blood in the urine; any condition in which the urine contains blood or red blood cells

191
Q

Heme

A

The iron-containing nonprotein fraction of hemoglobin

192
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

193
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The oxygen-carrying pigment of erythrocytes, formed by the developing erythrocyte in bone marrow

194
Q

Hemolysis

A

The destruction of red blood cells and the resulting escape of hemoglobin

195
Q

Hemophilia

A

Hereditary hemorrhagic disease characterized by hemarthrosis and deep tissue bleeding caused by deficient generation of intrinsic thromboplastin

196
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing up of blood or of blood-stained sputum

197
Q

Hemorroid

A

A varicosity of the veins of the anus and lower end of the rectum

198
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

Condition of iron overloading caused by the large breakdown of red blood cells

199
Q

Hemostatic

A

Checking the flow of blood; an agent that arrests blood flow

200
Q

Hepatic

A

Pertaining to the liver

201
Q

Hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver

202
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening

203
Q

Hiatus

A

An aperture or fissure

204
Q

Hiatus hernia

A

The protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

205
Q

Hirsutism

A

Abnormal hairiness, especially in women

206
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment

207
Q

Hormone

A

Substance formed in a gland or organ that acts locally or is then transported to another area of the body via blood circulation to cause stimulation or inhibition in functional activity or the organ or tissue

208
Q

Hyperbaric

A

Characterized by greater than normal pressure of weight; also describes a spinal anesthesia solution that has a specific gravity greater than that of the spinal fluid itself

209
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

The pernicious vomiting of pregnancy

210
Q

Hyperemia

A

An excess of blood in an area

211
Q

Hyperesthemia

A

Abnormally increased sensitivity of the skin of an organ of special sense

212
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excessive sugar in the blood

213
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Deficiency of sugar in the blood

214
Q

Hyperhidrosis

A

Excessive perspiration

215
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Hypertrophy of either the horny layer of the epidermis or of the cornea

216
Q

Hyperkinetic

A

Abnormal increase of motor function or activity

217
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal tissue

218
Q

Hyperpyrexia

A

Highly elevated blood pressure

219
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Hyperpnea and dyspnea in anxious or depressed persons; often leads to alkalosis

220
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Abnormally low potassium content in the blood

221
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion

222
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Deficient oxygenation of the blood

223
Q

Iatrogenic

A

A disease produced secondary to the treatment of the patient; often is the result of side effects of the drug therapy chosen by the physician

224
Q

Icterus

A

Jaundice

225
Q

Ileostomy

A

Surgical opening of the small intestine to connect it to the skin

226
Q

Ileus

A

Non-mechanical obstruction of the intestines due to loss of peristalsis

227
Q

Immunoglobulin

A

Protein (globulin) with antibody activity

228
Q

Impetigo

A

A bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by the appearance of pustules

229
Q

Incontinence

A

Inability to refrain from yielding to normal impulses, especially the urge to defecate or urinate

230
Q

Induration

A

An abnormally hard area

231
Q

Infarction

A

The formulation of an area of coagulation necrosis in tissue caused by local anemia resulting form the obstruction of circulation to the area

232
Q

Inguinal

A

Right and left lower abdominopelvic region near the groin. Also called iliac region

232
Q

Insomnia

A

inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness

233
Q

Intima

A

Innermost

234
Q

Intractable

A

Resistant to treatment; difficult to control

235
Q

Ischemia

A

Localized deficiency of blood caused by functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel

236
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow-orange discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

237
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

238
Q

Keratolytic

A

Agent that produces desquamation (peeling) of horny layers of the skin

239
Q

Ketonuria

A

Ketone bodies in the urine

240
Q

Lavage

A

Irrigation of a viscus, such as the stomach

241
Q

Lethargy

A

Condition of drowsiness, of mental origin

242
Q

Leukemia

A

Increase in cancerous white blood cells

243
Q

Leukocyte

A

A white blood cell divided according to structure into granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes

244
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Physiologic increase in white blood cells (greater than 10,000/mL)

245
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low white blood cell count (5,000 or less)

246
Q

Libido

A

Sexual energy/desire

247
Q

Lipoma

A

A fatty tumor

248
Q

Lumbar

A

Right and left middle abdominopelvic region near the waist (L1-L5)

249
Q

Lymphoma

A

A tumor due to abnormal B or T lymphocytes functioning

250
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Reduced number of lymphocytes in the blood

251
Q

Macula

A

A stain or spot; a discolored spot on the skin not elevated above the surface

252
Q

Malaise

A

A vague feeling of bodily discomfort or illness

253
Q

Malignancy

A

Condition that is resistant to treatment, tends to get worse, may be fatal

254
Q

Mask-like facie

A

The bland, expressionless face characteristic of parkinsonism

255
Q

Masectomy

A

Surgical removal of a breast

256
Q

Megaloblast

A

Primitive red blood cells of large size, present in patients with pernicious anemia

257
Q

Melancholia

A

Mental disorder characterized by apathy and depression

258
Q

Melanosis

A

Abnormal, dark brown pigmentation of various tissues or organs; in the skin it is known as a suntan

259
Q

Melasma

A

Patchy or generalized pigmentation of skin (“urticaria pigmentosa”)

260
Q

Melena

A

Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, usually caused by the presence of blood

261
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of the first menstrual period and ability to reproduce

262
Q

Meninges

A

The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid)

263
Q

Menopause

A

Gradual ending of menstruation

264
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Abnormally profuse menstruation

265
Q

Metastasis

A

The transfer of disease from one organ or part to another that is not directly connected to it

266
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

Presence of methemoglobin (hemoglobin with ferric iron) in the blood; this form does not readily combine with oxygen

267
Q

Micturition

A

Passage of urine

268
Q

Miosis

A

Constriction of the pupil

269
Q

Mitosis

A

Process by which a cell divides to form two new cells

270
Q

Morbidity

A

The ratio of sick to well; the sick rate

271
Q

Mortality

A

The death rate

272
Q

Mucolytic

A

Agent that destroys or dissolves secretion of the mucous membrane (e.g. respiratory tract mucous)

273
Q

Mucosa

A

A mucous membrane

274
Q

Myalgia

A

Pain in a muscle or muscles

275
Q

Myasthenia

A

Muscular weakness

276
Q

Mycosis

A

Any disease caused by a fungus

277
Q

Mydriasis

A

Extreme dilation of the pupil

278
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow

279
Q

Myelosuppression

A

Bone marrow depression

280
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Death of heart muscle as a result of occlusion of coronary artery; a heart attack

281
Q

Myoclonus

A

Muscular twitching

282
Q

Myopathy

A

Any disease or condition affecting muscular tissue

283
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

284
Q

Myositis

A

Inflammation of muscle

285
Q

Myotonia

A

Increased muscular irritability and contractility with decreased power of relaxation; tonic spasm of muscle

286
Q

Myxedema

A

Advanced deficiency of thyroid hormones

287
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Overwhelming attacks of sleep that the victim cannot inhibit

288
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of tissue; usually as individual cells, group of cells, or in small, localized areas

289
Q

Neonatal

A

Refers to the first four weeks of life

290
Q

Neoplasm

A

Any new abnormal growth, such as a tumor

291
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

292
Q

Nephorlithiasis

A

Formation of renal stones

293
Q

Nephrosis

A

Degeneration of the lining of renal tubules

294
Q

Neuralgia

A

Severe, throbbing, or stabbing nerve pain

295
Q

Neurocyte

A

Nerve cell of any kind; neuron

296
Q

Nocturia

A

Excessive urination at night

297
Q

Nocturnal

A

Night (hours of darkness); being active at night time such as rodents; opposite of diurnal

298
Q

Nosocomial

A

indicates a new disorder, not the original patient condition, associated with being a hospital patient; usually used to describe a hospital-acquired infection

299
Q

Nystagmus

A

Involuntary restlessness of the eyeball

300
Q

Obesity

A

Increase in body weight beyond limitation of skeletal and physical requirements

301
Q

Occlusion

A

Act of closing or being closed

302
Q

Occult

A

Hidden or concealed (occult blood is that which has a change in appearance and is not readily recognizable)

303
Q

Oliguria

A

Decreased volume of urine output

304
Q

Ophthalmia

A

Severe inflammation of the eye or conjunctiva (ophthalmia neonatorum is gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the newborn)

305
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of testis

306
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

Lowered blood pressure when a person changes from the supine position to an erect position

307
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Chronic, multiple degenerative joint diseases

308
Q

Osteromalacia

A

Condition characterized by softening of the bones

309
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone and epiphysial cartilage

310
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Deterioration of bone, occurs particularly in elderly persons

311
Q

Osteosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of bones

312
Q

Otalgia

A

Pain in the ear (earache)

313
Q

Oxytocic

A

Drug that selectively stimulates uterine motility, thereby accelerating delivery or childbirth

314
Q

Oxyuriasis

A

Pinworm infection of the GI tract

315
Q

Pallative

A

Relieving but not curing symptoms

316
Q

Palpation

A

Act of feeling with the hand; application of the fingers with light pressure to the body surface to determine the consistency of the parts beneath

317
Q

Palpitation

A

Unduly rapid action of the heart that is felt by the patient

318
Q

Papilla

A

Small, nipple-shaped projections or elevations

319
Q

Paracentesis

A

Surgical puncture of cavity for fluid aspiration

320
Q

Paranoia

A

Chronic, slowly progressive mental disorder characterized by the development or suspicions into systemized delusions of persecution and grandeur that are built up in logical form

321
Q

Paresis

A

Light or incomplete paralysis

322
Q

Parasthesia

A

Morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation such as burning, prickling, or tingling

323
Q

Paroxysm

A

Sudden recurrence or intensification of symptoms

324
Q

Pathogenic

A

Causing a disease

325
Q

Pediatrics

A

Branch of medicine that treats children

326
Q

Percussion

A

Tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

327
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane covering the heart

328
Q

Perineum

A

The external surface between the vulva and anus in the female or the scrotum and anus in the male

329
Q

Peripheral

A

Pertaining to the surface of the body

330
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary, progressive rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus and other GI organs propelling a mass of food

331
Q

Peritoneum

A

Membrane covering the abdominal cavity

332
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

333
Q

Pertussis

A

Whooping cough

334
Q

Petechiae

A

Pinpoint, non-raised, perfectly round, purplish-red spots caused by intradermal or subcutaneous hemorrhage; later turn blue or yellow

335
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Congenital faulty metabolism of phenylalanine that results in phenylpyruvic acid appearing in the urine

336
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla tissue characterized by increased formation of catecholamines

337
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a vein

338
Q

Photophobia

A

Abnormal intolerance to light

339
Q

Plasmapheresis

A

Removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by means of centrifugation performed outside the body

340
Q

Pleura

A

Membrane lining the chest cavity and lungs

341
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space/cavity

342
Q

Pneumonia

A

Acute inflammation and infection of alveoli

343
Q

Pneumonitis

A

Localized, acute inflammation of the lung

344
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air in the pleural space

345
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess number of red corpuscles in the blood

346
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excess thirst pertaining for long periods

347
Q

Polyp

A

Protruding growth form a mucous membrane; usually refers to a growth of the mucous membrane of the nose or GI tract

348
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive or voracious eating

349
Q

Polyuria

A

Passage of large volumes of urine in a given period of time

350
Q

Porphyria

A

Disturbance of porphyrin metabolism, characterized my marked increase in formation and excretion of porphyrins or their precursors

351
Q

Postural hypotension

A

Decrease in blood pressure caused by a sudden change in position (e.g., standing up suddenly)

352
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and headache

353
Q

Priapism

A

Persistent erection of the penis

354
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of the rectal area

355
Q

Prognosis

A

Prediction of course and end of a disease

356
Q

Prolapse

A

Downward displacement

357
Q

Prophylactic

A

Something that prevents a disease or other undesirable effect

358
Q

Prostate

A

Gland surrounding the urethra at the neck of the bladder in males

359
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate gland

360
Q

Prosthesis

A

The replacement of an absent body part by an artificial substitute

361
Q

Prostration

A

Extreme exhaustion or powerlessness

362
Q

Pruritis

A

itching

363
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales

364
Q

Ptosis

A

Dropping of the upper eyelid caused by paralysis of the third cranial nerve

365
Q

Ptyalism

A

Excessive secretion of saliva

366
Q

Purpura

A

Condition characterized by collection of petechiae; often caused by capillary fragility

367
Q

Purulent

A

Consisting of or containing pus

368
Q

Pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney

369
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney and the renal pelvis

370
Q

Pylorus

A

Aperture between the stomach and the duodenum

371
Q

Pyoderma

A

Any skin discharge that contains pus

372
Q

Pyogenic

A

Producing pus

373
Q

Pyrexia

A

A fever or febrile condition

374
Q

Rale

A

Any abnormal respiratory sound heard during auscultation (listening for sound within the body)

375
Q

Refractory

A

Intractable

376
Q

Regurgitation

A

Backward flowing, as the casing up of undigested food or the backward flowing of blood into the heart

377
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Young red blood cell showing a basophilic reticulum under staining

378
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

The system concerned with blood cell formation, phagocytic destruction of red blood cells, and the metabolism of iron and pigment

379
Q

Retinal

A

Pertaining to the retina (the internal membrane of the eye)

380
Q

Retinopathy

A

Noninflammatory degenerative changes of the retina

381
Q

Retrograde

A

Going backward; retracing a fromer course

382
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of mucous membranes of the nose during the common head cold; also a result of hay fever

383
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Free discharge of a thin nasal mucous

384
Q

Rhonchi

A

Loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

385
Q

Sacral

A

Region of the sacrum (S1-S5)

386
Q

Scleroderma

A

Systemic disease which may involve the connective tissues of any part of the body; the skin may be thickened, hard, and rigid with pigmented patches

387
Q

Sclerosis

A

Hardening of tissues resulting in a loss of elasticity; results in the narrowing of blood vessel lumen

388
Q

Seborrhea

A

Over secretion of sebaceous gland producing oiliness of the scalp and forehead, usually with itching or burning

389
Q

Sepsis

A

Presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in blood or tissues

390
Q

Septicemia

A

Disease of the blood caused by multiplication of microorganisms (formerly called blood poisoning)

391
Q

Serum

A

Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed

392
Q

Siderosis

A

Excess of iron in the blood

393
Q

Spondylitis

A

Inflammation of the vertebrae

394
Q

Stasis

A

Stoppage of blood flow or other body fluid

395
Q

Status epilepticus

A

Rapid succession of epileptic attacks without regaining consciousness

396
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Excessive loss of fat in the feces

397
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing or stricture of a duct canal

398
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa

399
Q

Strabismus

A

A visual disorder caused by the turning of one or both eyes from the normal position; squinted or crossed eyes

400
Q

Stridor

A

Strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx

401
Q

Sty

A

Inflammation of one or more of the sebaceous glands

402
Q

Sublingual

A

Beneath the tongue

403
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Mimicking the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released in response to impulses conveyed by the adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system; opposite of sympatholytic

404
Q

Symptom

A

Any evidence of disease; can have physical or mental characteristics

405
Q

Syncope

A

Sudden loss of strength; temporary suspension of consciousness caused by cerebral anemia; a faint

406
Q

Syndrome

A

The aggregate of the signs or symptoms of a disease occurring at the same time

407
Q

Systole

A

The contraction or period of contraction of the heart chambers, especially that of the ventricles; it coincides with the interval between the first and second heart sound, during which the blood is forced into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

408
Q

Tachycardia

A

Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart; pulse rate above 100/min (tachyrhythmia)

409
Q

Tenesmus

A

Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination

410
Q

Teratogenic

A

Tending to produce abnormalities of formation (e.g., producing a severely deformed fetus)

411
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space

412
Q

Thoracic

A

Chest region (T1-T12)

413
Q

Thoracotomy

A

Large surgical incision of the chest

414
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormally small number of platelets in the blood

415
Q

Thromboembolism

A

Obstruction of a blood vessel with thrombus that has broken loose from its site of formation

416
Q

Thrombogenic

A

Producing a blood clot

417
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

A condition in which inflammation of the vein wall has preceded the formation of the thrombus

418
Q

Thrombus

A

A plug or clot in a blood vessel or in one of the cavities of the heart; formed by coagulation of the blood and remaining at the point of its formation

419
Q

Thrush

A

Infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans

420
Q

Tic

A

Involuntary, repeated muscle spasm

421
Q

Tinea

A

Ringworm

422
Q

Tinnitus

A

A noise in the ears; ringing in the ear

423
Q

Tolerance

A

Larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect

424
Q

Toxoid

A

similar to toxin; a toxin that is treated to destroy its own toxicity but is still capable of inducing the formation of antibodies upon injection

425
Q

Ulcer

A

Open sore on the skin or mucous membranes

426
Q

Umbilical

A

Central abdominopelvic region near the navel

427
Q

Uremia

A

An excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood

428
Q

Urethra

A

Canal leading rom the bladder to discharge urine externally

429
Q

Uricosuria

A

Excessive amount of uric acid in the urine

430
Q

Urticaria

A

An allergic disorder caused by drug factors; marked by smooth, slightly elevated patches that are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often accompanied by severe itching

431
Q

Varicose

A

Unnaturally swollen, such as varicose veins

432
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

Agent that causes constriction of the smooth muscle in blood vessels

433
Q

Vasodilation

A

Dilation of smooth muscle of a blood vessel, especially dilation of arterioles, that leads to increased blood flow

434
Q

Vertigo

A

A subtype of dizziness; sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient or as if he were revolving around space

435
Q

Wheezes

A

Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

436
Q

Vesicle

A

Small collection of clear fluid; blister

437
Q

Viltigo

A

Loss of pigment in areas of the skin

438
Q

Wheal

A

Smooth, lightly elevated area on the body that is

439
Q

Vesicle

A

Small collection of clear fluid; blister

440
Q

Viltigo

A

Loss of pigment in areas of the skin

441
Q

Wheal

A

Smooth, lightly elevated area on the body that is

442
Q

Xanthomatosis

A

An accumulation of an excess of lipids in the body caused by disturbance of lipid metabolism and marked by the formation of fatty tumors

443
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Dryness of the eyeball caused by deficiency of vitamin A

444
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dryness of the mouth from lack of normal secretion

444
Q

Wheal

A

Smooth, lightly elevated area on the body that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin; it is often accompanied by severe itching and is usually evanescent

444
Q

Vesicle

A

Small collection of clear fluid; blister

444
Q

Viltigo

A

Loss of pigment in areas of the skin

medical terms and abbreviations 2023 (7 decks)

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