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Gastroenterology > 1000ft View > Flashcards

1000ft View Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the GI Tract?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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2
Q

Mucosa contains epithelium and glands that secrete what?

A

GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide
CCK: choleystokinin

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3
Q

What type of neurons are in the submucosa?

A

Autonomic neurons are within the Meissner’s plexus

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4
Q

What nervous system innervates the myenteric plexus?

A

Autonomic innervation

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5
Q

What is serosa?

A

Connective tissue that line the surface of the organ

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6
Q

What are the phases of swallowing?

A
  • Oral phase: voluntary
  • Pharyngeal phase: voluntary
  • Esophageal phase: involuntary
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7
Q

What enzyme is within saliva that helps to break down carbs?

A

salivary amylase

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8
Q

Salivary glands are innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

What muscle will prevent movement of food into the nasal cavity?

A

Superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx

*uvula also assists to direct food

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10
Q

When the UES closes what should open?

A

LES

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11
Q

Peristalsis is initiated by

A

Stretch receptors

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12
Q

The cricopharyngeal muscle helps with what function

A

Closes the UES during inspiration

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13
Q

What part of the stomach produces the most acid?

A

Body

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14
Q

What is the Z line of the esophagus?

A

A demarcation line, the squamocolumnar (SC) junction or “Z-line”, represents the normal esophagogastric junction where the squamous mucosa of the esophagus and columnar mucosa of the stomach meet

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15
Q

How long does food hang out in the stomach?

A

About 3 hours on average (depends on food type)

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16
Q

The stomach is impermeable to water, but will absorb what?

A

NSAIDs and ETOH

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17
Q

What cells cause rhythmic depolarization going toward the pylorus to mix the food

A

Pacemaker cells

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18
Q

The increased pH caused by food hitting the stomach will cause what response?

A

More gastric juice to be produced

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19
Q

What hormone will decrease motility and emptying during the intestinal phase in the stomach?

A

Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

What hormone will slow gastric juice release during the intestinal phase in the stomach?

A

Somatostatin

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21
Q

What helps to release gastric acid?

A

Histamine

22
Q

Where is the vomiting center located?

A

Medula - will induce deep breathing and close to the epiglottis

23
Q

What cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

24
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid?

A

Breaks down food
Breaks up proteins into amino acids

25
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

26
Q

Bile is released with pancreatic enzymes through what sphincter?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

27
Q

What hormone stimulates bile production?

A

Secretin

28
Q

What cell type makes up a bulk of the pancreas?

A

Acini cells

29
Q

What breaks down starches and glycogen?

A

Amylase

30
Q

What is included within the small intestine?

A

Includes the deuodenum, jejunum, ilium

31
Q

What is the primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absoprtion?

A

Small intestine

32
Q

What ligament separates the duodenum from the jejunum?

A

Treitz ligament

33
Q

What portion of the small intestine accepts chyme from the stomach?

A

Duodenum

34
Q

What is the function of enterocytes?

A

Cover the small intestine and help with absorption and secretion of mucus

Readily absorb water and nutrients –> absorb into venous system and return to portal venous system

35
Q

Where is magnesium absorbed?

A

Jejunum and ilium

36
Q

What is the largest solid organ?

A

Liver

37
Q

What ribs protect the liver?

A

7-11

38
Q

Does the liver cross the midline?

A

Yes, it crosses the midline into the LUQ and epigastric region

39
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A
  • Right (Anterior)
  • Left (Anterior)
  • Caudate lobe (posterior)
  • Quadrate lobe (posterior)
40
Q

What ligament comes off the falciform to support superiorly to the diaphragm?

A

Coronary ligament

41
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

Liver lobule

42
Q

Can hepatocytes regenerate?

A

YES!!

43
Q

What are sinusoids?

A

Located within the liver lobule, they are capillaries between the hepatocytes that receive both arterial and venous blood

44
Q

Where do sinusoids drain into?

A

Central vein –> hepatic vein –> IVC

45
Q

What hormone will prompt release of bile to break down fat?

A

Cholecystokinin

46
Q

Is the bile more acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline - helps small intestine with emulsifying and absorbing fats

47
Q

What normally determines osmotic pressure?

A

Sodium

48
Q

What substance results from the breakdown of proteins?

A

Ammonia

49
Q

The head of the pancreas receives blood from what artery?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

50
Q

The body/tail of the pancreas receives blood from what artery?

A

Branches off of the splenic artery

51
Q

Lipase breaks down

A

Fat

52
Q

Amylase breaks down

A

Carbs

Gastroenterology (12 decks)

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