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Clinical Chemistry MTAP > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

composed of specialized organs
capable of producing hormones

A

Endocrine system

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2
Q

endocrine glands communicate with each other through hormones

A

Feedback mechanisms

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3
Q

increase leads to increase or decrease leads to decrease

A

Positive feedback

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4
Q

increase leads to
decrease or decrease leads to increase

A

Negative feedback

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5
Q

mechanism responsible for
the production of thyroid hormones

A

Hypothalamus-Pituitary gland-Thyroid
gland Axis (HPTA)

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6
Q

secreted in one location and release into blood circulation

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and sometimes released in interstitial space

A

Autocrine

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8
Q

secreted in endocrine and released in interstitial space

A

Paracrine

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9
Q

secreted in endocrine cells remains inside the synthesis of origin to affect its own function

A

Intracrine

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10
Q

secreted in endocrine cells and released into the lumen of the gut and interacts with receptors of cells at a distant site

A

Juxtacrine

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11
Q

secreted in neurons and released into extracellular space

A

Neurocrine

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12
Q

secreted in neurons and released from nerve endings

A

Neuroendocrine

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13
Q

Proteins/Polypeptides

A

GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH,
somatostatin, PRF, ADH,
oxytocin, GH, ACTH, PRL,
calcitonin, hPL, PTH, insulin,
glucagon

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14
Q

Glycoprotein

A

TSH, FSH, LH,
hCG, EPO

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15
Q

Steroids

A

cortisol, aldosterone,
estrogen,
progesterone,
testosterone

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16
Q

Amino Acid derivatives

A

melatonin, serotonin:
thyroid hormones, epinephrine,
norepinephrine:

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17
Q

a neurotransmitter that mediated satisfaction, happiness, and optimism

A

Serotonin

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18
Q

metabolite of serotonin

A

5-HIAA (5 hydroxy indole acetic acid)

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19
Q

Low serotonin

A

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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20
Q

Fear of contamination or dirt

A

MYSOPHOBIA

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21
Q

Located in the lower portion of the brain
Above the pituitary gland

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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22
Q

Hypothalamus is Connected to the pituitary gland through the

A

infundibular stalk

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23
Q

Releasing hormones:

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH,
PRF

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24
Q

Inhibiting hormones:

A

PIF, GHIH

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25
Q

Suppression of synthesis of prolactin

A

Prolactin inhibitory factor

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26
Q

Inhibits the release of different hormones- GH, TH, gastrin, secretin,
motilin, glucagon, insulin

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone/ Somatostatin

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27
Q

Pea-sized organ. Located at the base of the brain, located below the
hypothalamus

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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28
Q

Anterior HORMONES OFTHE PITUITARY GLAND

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

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29
Q

Posterior HORMONES OFTHE PITUITARY GLAND

A

DOES NOT PRODUCE ANY HORMONE but serves as storage site for ADH and Oxytocin

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30
Q

The stimulus for release of ADH

A

HYPEROSMOLAR PLASMA

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31
Q

Problem on ADH

A

Diabetes insipidius

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32
Q

(-) ADH

A

Central or Hypothalamic or Neurogenic DI

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33
Q

(-) ADH receptor

A

Nephrogenic DI

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34
Q

Stimulus of oxytocin

A

skin-to-skin contact (hugs

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35
Q

MILK PRODUCTION

A

Prolactin

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36
Q

MILK SECRETION

A

Oxytocin

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37
Q

Hyposecretion of GH/Somatotropin

A

Pituitary Dwarfism

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38
Q

Hypersecretion of GH/Somatotropin

A

Gigantism (Child)
Acromegaly (Adult)

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39
Q

Stimulates adrenocortical steroid formation and secretion

A

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

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40
Q

Stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

A

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE/
THYROTROPIN

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41
Q

Female: ovulation, follicle development with LH, estrogen production

Male: spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubule development

A

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

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42
Q

βœ“ Female: progesterone production
βœ“ Male: testosterone production

A

LUTEINIZING HORMONE

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43
Q

Raises pain threshold and influence extrapyramidal motor activity

A

BETA-ENDORPHINS

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44
Q

Butterfly-shaped organ, located on the lower portion of the neck; lobes are separated by ligaments known
as ISTHMUS

A

THYROID GLAND

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45
Q

two major cell types of the thyroid gland

A

follicular cells and the
parafollicular cells (calcitonin)

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46
Q

I

A

monoatomic iodine

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47
Q

I2

A

diatomic iodine

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48
Q

MIT

A

monoiodotyrosine

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49
Q

DIT

A

diiodotyrosine

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50
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

51
Q

T4

A

tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine

52
Q

TPO

A

thyroid peroxidase

53
Q

TGB

A

thyroglobulin

54
Q

IODINE + TYROSINE =

A

MIT or DIT

55
Q

Stimulates release of TSH

A

THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)

56
Q

increase production and release of thyroid hormone

A

THYROTROPIN/ THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)

57
Q

PROTEIN CARRIERS OF THYROID HORMONES

A

THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN
TRANSTHYRETIN
THYROXINE BINDING ALBUMIN

58
Q

70%T4, most ofT3

A

THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN

59
Q

20%T4

A

TRANSTHYRETIN

60
Q

10%T4

A

THYROXINE BINDING ALBUMIN

61
Q

The major product of the thyroid gland
Most predominant thyroid hormone
A good indicator of thyroid secretory rate

A

TETRAIODOTHYRONINE/THYROXINE

62
Q

3–8 times more metabolically active compared toT4

A

T3

63
Q

Synthesized by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
plays a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

CALCITONIN

64
Q
  • Obese/ Fat
  • Decreased appetite
  • Inactivity
  • Increased TAG and
    Cholesterol
  • Myxedema
  • Cold Intolerance
A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

65
Q
  • Thin/ Slim
  • Increased appetite
  • Hyperactivity
  • Increased ALP
  • Exophthalmia
  • Heat Intolerance
A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

66
Q

NormalT3/T4, HighTSH

A

Subclinical Hypothyroidism

67
Q

NormalT3/T4, LowTSH

A

Subclinical Hyperthyroidism

68
Q

AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS OF THE THYROID HORMONE

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS
GRAVE’S DISEASE

69
Q

The most common cause of primary
hypothyroidism

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

70
Q

Anti-microsomal antibodies
(anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody)
* Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
* β€œChronic lymphocytic thyroiditis”

A

HASHIMOTO’S THYROIDITIS

71
Q

Anti-TSH receptor antibodies or
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin

A

GRAVE’S DISEASE

72
Q

A most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

GRAVE’S DISEASE

73
Q

MOST SEVERE FORM OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

74
Q

Monoatomic iodine + Tyrosine=

A

Monoidodotyrosine

75
Q

Diatomic iodine + Tyrosine =

A

Diaodotyrosine

76
Q

MIT + DIT

A

T3

77
Q

DIT + DIT =

A

T4

78
Q

βœ“ Routinely used to detect thyroid dysfunction
βœ“ Aids in early diagnosis of hypothyroidism
βœ“ Monitor thyroid hormone replacement therapy

A

TSH assay

79
Q

Reference range of TSH ASSAY

A

0.4 – 4.5 mIU/L

80
Q

βœ“ Measures the relationship between TRH and TSH
βœ“ Helpful in the detection of thyroid hormone resistance

A

TRH stimulation test

81
Q

βœ“ Measure ability of thyroid gland to trap iodine
βœ“ Helps establish the cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Radioactive iodine uptake

82
Q

βœ“ Postoperative marker of thyroid cancer
βœ“ Differentiates subacute thyroiditis from
thyrotoxicosis factitia

A

Thyroglobulin assay

83
Q

βœ“ Confirm results of FT3 and FT4
βœ“ Distinguish between hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism

A

Thyroxine binding globulin assay

84
Q

βœ“ Indirect estimate of the binding capacity of the plasma thyroid-binding proteins
βœ“ Inversely related to the unoccupied binding sites on TBG

A

T3 uptake test/ Thyroid Hormone Binding Ratio (THBR)

85
Q

o Available binding sites: INCREASED
o T3U test or THBR: DECREASED

A

Hypothyroidism

86
Q

o Available binding sites: DECREASED
o T3U test or THBR: INCREASED

A

Hyperthyroidism

87
Q

Free T4 index

A

THBR x Total T4

88
Q

THBR:

A

𝑇3π‘ˆ 𝑂𝐹 𝑃𝐴𝑇𝐼𝐸𝑁𝑇 / 𝑇3π‘ˆ 𝑂𝐹 π‘†πΈπ‘…π‘ˆπ‘€ 𝑃𝑂𝑂𝐿/𝐢𝑂𝑁𝑇𝑅𝑂L

89
Q

Pyramid-like organs located above the kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLAND

90
Q

OUTER ADRENAL CORTEX is composed of?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

91
Q

Major mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

92
Q

Function: Sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

Aldosterone is regulated by?

A

RAAS

94
Q

Major glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

95
Q

Exhibits diurnal variation
βœ“ Increases blood glucose levels

A

Cortisol

96
Q

Principal adrenal androgen

A

DHEA DIHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE

97
Q

FUNCTIONS OF ANGIOTENSIN II

A
  • Sodium reabsorption
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increased aldosterone biosynthesis
  • Trigger release of ADH for water reabsorption
98
Q

Pyramid like organs located above the kidneys

A

ADRENAL GLAND

99
Q

PRIMARY AMINE

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

100
Q

The major metabolite of Norepinephrine

A

VANILLYLMANDELIC ACID (VMA)

101
Q
  • Neurotransmitter of both CNS and SNS
  • Highest concentration in the brain
A

NOREPINEPHRINE (PRIMARY AMINE)

102
Q
  • Neurotransmitter of both CNS and SNS
  • Produced only in adrenal gland from norepinephrine; flight or fight hormone, released in response to physiologic and psychologic stress
A

EPINEPHRINE (SECONDARY AMINE; ADRENALINE)

103
Q

Most abundant medullary hormone

A

EPINEPHRINE

104
Q
  • Highest concentration in the brain
  • Major intact catecholamine in urine
A

DOPAMINE (PRIMARY AMINE)

105
Q

Major metabolite of dopamine

A

HOMOVANILLIC ACID (HVA)

106
Q

It has both endocrine (Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin) and exocrine (amylase, lipase) functions

A

PANCREAS

107
Q

hyperglycemic agent; produced by the ALPHA CELLS of the pancreas

A

Glucagon

108
Q

hypoglycemic agent; produced by the BETA CELLS of pancreas

A

Insulin

109
Q

inhibits the action of insulin and glucagon;
produced by the DELTA CELLS of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

110
Q

hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules, converting complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

A

Amylase

111
Q

breaks down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines

A

Lipase

112
Q

most potent male sex hormone

A

Testosterone

113
Q

most potent female sex hormone

A

Estrogen

114
Q

post-menopausal

A

Estrone

115
Q

responsible for menstrual cycle, moodiness

A

Estradiol

116
Q

pregnancy, produced by placenta

A

Estriol

117
Q

sudden drop of estrogen because of placental removal

A

POST-PARTUM DEPRESSION

118
Q

QUADRUPLETEST FOR DOWN SYNDROME (Trisomy 21)

A
  • hCG
  • InhibinA
  • Alpha-fetoprotein
  • estriol
119
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome

120
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward Syndrome

121
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

122
Q

Produced by the placenta
Marker of pregnancy and testicular cancer

A

Human Chrorionic Gonadotropin

123
Q

hCG is increased in

A

Down syndrome
Choriocarcinoma
Molar pregnancy

124
Q

hCG is decreased in

A

Ectopic pregnancy

Clinical Chemistry MTAP (7 decks)

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