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DAT BIO > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Many _______ and all _______ possess exoskeletons.

A

invertebrates, arthropods

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2
Q

An ______ is an external skeleton

A

exoskeleton

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3
Q

Vertebrates contain an _________ on the inside.

A

endoskeleton

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4
Q

An endoskeleton can be divided into the _____ skeleton (core bones) and the _________ skeleton (appendages).

A

axial
appendicular

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5
Q

Types of bones in the endoskeleton

A

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Irregular bones

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6
Q

What are long bones made of?

A

Made of cortical bone (compact) and pockets of cancellous bone (spongy).

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7
Q

What important features do long bones have?

A

EMDME
Epiphysis
Medullary cavity
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal plate

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8
Q

Epiphysis?
Forms what w/ other bones?
What important marrow does it contain?

A

END of a long bone
Forms joints with other bones
Contains red bone marrow for hematopoiesis (blood cell synthesis)

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9
Q

Diaphysis?
Located where?

A

Long hollow shaft in CENTER of bone

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10
Q

Medullary cavity?
Located where?
What important marrow does it contain?

A

Located within the diaphysis
Contains red AND yellow bone marrow (area of fat storage).

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11
Q

Metaphysis?
Located where?

A

Similar to epiphysis
Found between the medullary cavity & epiphyseal plates.

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12
Q

Epiphyseal plate?
Located where?
Made out of what?
Lengthens what?

A

“Growth plate”
Located between epiphysis & metaphysis
Made out of hyaline cartilage
Lengthens diaphysis through growth & ossification

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13
Q

Short bones provide _____

A

support

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14
Q

Flat bones provide _____

A

protection

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15
Q

Sesamoid bones are found within _______ to help ______

A

tendons, muscles

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16
Q

Cortical bone? Function?
Inner or outer layer of bone?

A

Dense outer layer of bone that supports the weight of our bodies

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17
Q

What microstructures is cortical bone made of?

A

Osteons
Haversian canals
Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Volkmann’s canals

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18
Q

Osteons
Composed of what?
Also known as what?

A

Cortical bone’s functional unit, Composed of tiny multi-layered cylinders
Known as haversian systems (contain a haversian canal in center)

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19
Q

Haversian canals
Contain what?

A

‘tubes’ that contain blood vessels for nutrient supply

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21
Q

Lamellae

A

layers of the osteon

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21
Q

Lacunae
Hold what?
Interconnect through what?

A

small spaces between lamellae
Hold bone cells
Interconnect through canaliculi

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22
Q

Canaliculi
Connect what?

A

small channels that connect
lacunae and the haversian canal

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23
Q

Volkmann’s canals
Connect what?

A

connect Haversian canals to the periosteum

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24
Q

Cancellous bone?
Dense or spongy?
Soaks up what?

A

Spongy inner layer of bone
Soaks up red bone marrow via a web of trabeculae (connective tissue that supports cancellous bone)

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25
Q

Resorption is bone _____

A

LOSS

26
Q

Ossification is bone ______

A

FORMATION

27
Q

What cells are involved in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoprogenitors
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

28
Q

Osteoprogenitors
Differentiate into what?

A

immature precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

29
Q

Osteoblasts
Function?
Mature into what?

A

BUILD bone by secreting proteins & utilizing blood calcium. Mature into osteocytes

30
Q

Osteocytes
Live where?

A

live in lacunae in osteons to maintain bone

31
Q

Osteoclasts
Function?
Derived from what?

A

EAT & RESORB bone
Releases calcium & phosphate back into the blood
Derived from monocytes.

32
Q

mechanisms of bone remodeling

Parathyroid hormone function?
Secreted by what?

A

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts & depressing osteoblasts
Secreted by the parathyroid gland.

33
Q

mechanisms of bone remodeling

Vitamin D function?
Activated by what?

A

Increases blood calcium levels by raising calcium absorption
Activated by PTH but provides negative feedback on PTH production.

34
Q

mechanisms of bone remodeling

Calcitonin function?
Secreted by what?

A

Decreases blood calcium levels by depressing osteoclasts, allowing osteoblasts to build bone without competition
Secreted by parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland.

  • CalciTONin (tone it down)
35
Q

______ is the organic component of bone containing many proteins

A

Osteoid

36
Q

What gives the bone tensile strength?

A

Collagen

37
Q

_______ is the inorganic mineral component of bone that gives the bone density and strength.

A

Hydroxyapatite

38
Q

Embryonic ossification

Endochondral ossification
Created indirectly or directly where?
Mainly for what bones?
Explain the process
What is created?

A

Bone is created indirectly through a cartilage model
Mainly for long bones
The cartilage model calcifies during fetal development
Ossification centers & long bone features are created

39
Q

Embryonic ossification

Intramembranous ossification
Created indirectly or directly where?
Mainly for what bones?
Explain the process
What bone is created?

A

Bone is created directly within fibrous membranes
Mainly for flat bones
Osteoblasts start by secreting osteoid, which hardens and houses osteocytes.
Cortical bone is created

40
Q

What are the two types of embryonic ossification?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification
  2. Endochondral ossification
41
Q

Types of connective tissue (there’s 3)

A
  1. Fibrous connective tissue
  2. Cartilage
  3. Joints
42
Q

Fibrous connective tissue is maintained and repaired by ________.

A

fibroblasts

43
Q

What makes up fibrous conn. tissue?

A

Tendons
Ligaments
Periosteum
Endosteum

44
Q

Tendons connect ______ to ________.

A

muscle to bone

45
Q

Ligaments connect ______ to ________.

A

bone to bone

46
Q

Periosteum
Membrane covers what?
What layers does it have? specify what they have

A

Covers cortical bone
Outer fibrous layer (vascularized) Inner layer (collagen for attachment to cortical bone)

47
Q

Endosteum
Membrane located where?

A

membrane located between cortical & cancellous bone.

48
Q

Cartilage is ______ and is NOT ________.

A

avascular, not innervated

49
Q

What builds cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

50
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
Elastic cartilage

51
Q

Hyaline cartilage
Flexibility?
Provides what to joints?

A

slightly flexible
Important in providing support and
stability to joints.

52
Q

Fibrous cartilage
Flexibility?
Found where?

A

high rigidity & resists tension
Found in intervertebral discs

53
Q

Elastic cartilage
Flexibility?
Found where?

A

highly flexible
Found in ears & epiglottis.

54
Q
A

highly flexible and found
in ears and epiglottis.

55
Q

Chondroblasts build cartilage by secreting ______ and ______.

A

collagen and elastin

56
Q

Joints are ______ and _______. They are found ______ bones

A

vascularized, innervated, between

57
Q

3 Types of joints

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

58
Q

Synarthroses
Type of joint?
How do they move?

A

Dense, fibrous joints
Do NOT move

59
Q

Amphiarthroses
Type of joint?
How do they move?

A

Cartilaginous joints
Partially move

60
Q

Diarthroses
Type of joint?
How do they move?
Contain what kind of cartilage?

A

Synovial joint
Fully move
Typically contain hyaline cartilage

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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