5. antivirals and diagnostic virology

Question 1

what are the three classes of influenza antivirals

Answer 1

1. uncoating
2. neuraminidase inhibitors
3. cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor

Question 2

what are the uncoating influenza antivirals like

Answer 2

rimantadine/amantadine
- blocks uncoating, can only be used on influenza A, and all current strains are resistant

Question 3

what are the neuraminidase inhibitor antivirals like

Answer 3

block the release of the virus by blocking the viral neuraminidase. most common is Tamiflu (oseltamivir)

Question 4

what are the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor influenza antivirals like

Answer 4

Xofluza (baloxavir marboxil) prevents the virus from taking cellular mRNA caps and using them to make viral mRNA. as a result, viral RNA can’t be transcribed into mRNA and viral proteins are not made

Question 5

what drug(s) is/are the uncoating influenza antiviral

Answer 5

rimantadine/amantadine

Question 6

what drug(s) is/are the neuraminidase inhibitors influenza antiviral

Answer 6

tamiflu (oseltamivir)

Question 7

what drug(s) is/are the cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor influenza antiviral

Answer 7

xofluza (baloxavir marboxil)

Question 8

is ribavirin specific for a single virus?

Answer 8

no. not specific for one virus

Question 9

what can ribavirin be used on

Answer 9

respiratory syncytial virus
hepatitis C virus
hemorrhagic fever viruses

Question 10

how does ribavirin work

Answer 10

lowering guanine nucleotides in the cell (by inhibiting monophosphate dehydrogenase), making replication harder

Question 11

ribavirin is also a _______

Answer 11

teratogen. two forms of birth control should be used while taking ribavirin and continued for 6 months after use

Question 12

what are the 5 classes of HIV antivirals

Answer 12

1. entry inhibitors
2. nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
3. non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
4. integrase inhibitors
5. protease inhibitors

Question 13

how do entry inhibitors work

Answer 13

block receptor/co-receptor binding or membrane fusion and entry

Question 14

how do the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors work

Answer 14

chain terminators prevent the chain from being elongated

Question 15

how do the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors work

Answer 15

bind to reverse transcriptase and prevent its ability to make DNA

Question 16

NRTI and NNRTI both block:

Answer 16

ability of the virus to make a DNA copy of itself

Question 17

how do integrase inhibitors work

Answer 17

prevent the virus from inserting the viral DNA into the cellular DNA

Question 18

how do protease inhibitors work for HIV antivirals

Answer 18

block the maturation of the viral particle

Question 19

what are the three classes of HCV antivirals

Answer 19

protease inhibitors
polymerase inhibitors (NS5B)
NS5A inhibitors

Question 20

how to protease inhibitors work for HCV antivirals

Answer 20

block the cleavage of the polyprotein and stop replication after this step. the virus cannot replicate its genetic material

Question 21

how do polymerase inhibitors (NS5B) work for HCV

Answer 21

viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors block the ability of the virus to replicate its RNA

Question 22

how do NS5A inhibitors work

Answer 22

block RNA production and assembly

Question 23

which compounds block the viral polymerase and interfere with viral DNA production for herpesviruses

Answer 23

acyclovir compounds

Question 24

for herpesviruses, acyclovirs will be need to be activated by what? which means that…?

Answer 24

thymidine kinase
they will be preferentially activated in an infected cell that has the viral thymidine kinase

Question 25

valacyclovir is a ____ of acyclovir

Answer 25

prodrug.
it is converted to acyclovir in the body and requires less doing than acylovir

Question 26

both acyclovir and valacyclovir treat what

Answer 26

HSV and VZV herpesviruses

Question 27

famciclovir is oral or topical?

Answer 27

oral

Question 28

penciclovir is oral or topical?

Answer 28

topical

Question 29

are famciclovir and penciclovir the same active compound? what can they treat?

Answer 29

yes. same active compound
can trease HSV and VZV herpesviruses

Question 30

which two acyclovir compounds have more side effects and are used to treat the herpesvirus CMV

Answer 30

valganciclovir and ganciclovir

Question 31

what is an ELISA or EIA

Answer 31

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Question 32

what are the two antibodies that an ELISA or EIA can test for and what would they mean

Answer 32

IgM - indicate an acute infection
IgG - could specify an acute, chronic or past infection

Question 33

does the ELISA or EIA test for one specific virus or a variety of viruses

Answer 33

tests is specific for one virus

Question 34

what is the sensitivity of a test

Answer 34

how many people with the disease will test positive

Question 35

what is the specificity of a test

Answer 35

how many people who DO NOT have the disease will test negative