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PARASITOLOGY > Chapter 6 Specific Host Defense Mechanism > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Specific Host Defense Mechanism Flashcards

1
Q

scientific study of the immune system and immune response

A

immunology

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2
Q

a condition of being immune or resistant to a particular infectious disease

A

immunity

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3
Q

Categories of Host Defense Mechanisms

always involves the production of antibodies

A

humoral immunity

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4
Q

Categories of Host Defense Mechanisms

involves many different cell types, including macrophages, T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, killer cells and granulocytes

A

cell-mediated immunity

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5
Q

immunity results from the active production or receipt of antibodies during one’s lifetime

A

acquired immunity

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6
Q

the process of exposing the body to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response; the response takes days/weeks to develop but may be long lasting/ life time

A

active acquired immunity

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7
Q

the process of providing IgG antibodies to protect against infection; it gives immediate but short-lived protection - several weeks 3 to 5 months at most

A

passive acquired immunity

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8
Q

immunity that is acquired in response to the entry of a live pathogen into the body (in response to an actual infection)

A

natural active acquired immunity

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9
Q

immunity that is acquired in response to vaccines

A

artificial active acquired immunity

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10
Q

the immunity that is acquired by a fetus when it receives maternal antibodies

A

natural passive acquired immunity

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11
Q

immunity that is acquired when a person receives antibodies contained in antisera or gamma globulin

A

artificial passive acquired immunity

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12
Q

the material that can artificially induce immunity to an infectious disease, usually after injection or, in some cases, ingestion of the material

A

vaccines

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13
Q

An ideal Vaccine is on that:

  • contains antigenic determinants to stimulate the immune system to _ (antibodies that will protect individuals from infection by the pathogen)
  • contains antigenic determinants from ____ that cause disease, such as vaccines are referred to as multivalent or polyvalent
  • has few (preferably, no) side effects
  • does not cause disease in the person
A

produced protective antibodies

all the strains of the pathogens

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14
Q

How does vaccine works?

Vaccines stimulate the recipient’s immune system to produce _____

The protective antibodies or memory cells produced in response to the vaccine then remain in the recipient’s body to do battle with a particular pathogen, should that pathogen enter the recipient’s body at some time in the future, body becomes ready

A

protective antibodies

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15
Q

Humoral Immunity

_ are foreign organic substances that are large enough to stimulate the production of antibodies; antibody – generating substance

A

antigens

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16
Q

Substances that are capable of stimulating the production of antibodies

A

antigenic

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17
Q

Antibodies are proteins produced by ____ in response to the presence of an antigen.

Usually, an antibody is ____ in that it will recognize and bind to only to the antigenic determinants that stimulated its production.

The term antibodies refer to ____ with particular specificity for an antigen

A

lymphocytes

specific

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Where do Immune Response Occur?

Antigens in the:
* Blood -
* Tissues -
* Mucosal surfaces -

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
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19
Q

What do antibodies do to fight pathogens?

  • ____ via blocking or antibody-dependent cellular toxicity
  • ____ compliment dependent cytotoxicity
  • ____ opsonization and phagocytosis
A
  • neutralization of infectious agents
  • activation of the complement system
  • binding of foreign substances to be destroyed
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20
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

T cells rely on antigen-presenting cell that contain membrane-bound MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class I proteins in order to ____

the binding specificity between MHC proteins and foreign antigens in essential for the ____ of naïve T cells into helper or killer T cells

With the assistance of MHC class I proteins, T cells can also recognize ____ cells

A

recognize intracellular target antigens

maturation and differentiation

cancerous

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21
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

What lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

helper T cells, killer T cells, and macrophages

  • when a “helper” T cells finds an antigen-presenting cell in the body, it releases a set of signaling proteins called cytokines
  • these cytokines activated “killer” T cells and macrophages to move to the site of interest in order to destroy the antigen-presenting cell/s
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22
Q

results when as person’s immune system no longer recognizes certain body tissues as self and attempts to destroy those tissues as if they were non-self or foreign

-this may occurs with certain tissues that are not exposed to the immune system during fatal development

A

Autoimmune Diseases

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23
Q

-if a person’s immune system is functioning properly, that person is said to be ___

A

immunocompetent person

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24
Q
  • Ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens
  • Can be thought of as an army consisting of three lines of defense
A

HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS

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25
Q

Non-specific Defences

A

Innate Immunity

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26
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific Defences

27
Q

Non-specific Defences (Innate Immunity)

First line of Defense

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
  • Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
28
Q

Non-specific Defences (Innate Immunity)

Second line of Defence

A
  • Phagocytic leukocytes
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Inflammatory response
  • Fever
29
Q

Specific Defences (Adaptive Immunity)

Third line of Defence

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibody
  • Memory cells
30
Q

Host Defense Mechanisms

In the third line of defense, special proteins called ____ are usually produced in the body in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens.

A

antibodies

31
Q

General and serve to protect the body against many harmful substances

innate or inherited resistance (natural resistance) makes some people and animals more resistant to some diseases

A

Nonspecific Host Defense Mechanisms

32
Q

serves as a nonspecific host defense mechanism by flushing organisms from the pores and the surface of the skin

  • also contains the enzyme, lysozyme, which degrades peptidoglycan in the bacterial cells (especially Gram-positive bacteria)
A

Perspiration

33
Q

is a protein that binds iron, a mineral that are required by all pathogens

A

Lactoferrin

34
Q

is an enzyme that produces superoxide radicals, highly reactive forms of oxygen, which are toxic to bacteria

A

Lactoperoxidase

35
Q

Factors protect the digestive system from bacterial colonization

A

-Digestive Enzymes
-Acidity of the stomach (approximately pH 1.5)
-Alkalinity of the intestines

36
Q

is an interaction where resident microbes of the indigenous microflora prevent the colonization of new arrivals to a particular anatomical site.

A

Microbial Antagonism

37
Q

Factors that attributes to the inhibitory capability of indigenous microflora:

A

-Competition for colonization sites
-Competition for nutrients
-Production of substances that kill other bacteria

38
Q

Cell involves in the Second Line of Defence

A
  • Neutrophils
  • T helper cells
  • Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • B cells
  • Suppressor T cells
39
Q
  • -General purpose phagocytes
  • -These cells primarily attack bacteria. They are dispensable rather like pawns on a chessboard.
  • -They rush to the site of incoming bacteria to fight them, but are easily killed.
A

Neutrophils

  • only last a few days in the body (before they self-destruct), but our bone marrow produced more everyday. Some bacteria avoid neutrophils by hiding inside cells
40
Q
  • These cells are like the bosses.
  • Each T helper cell only looks out for one type
  • Many T helper cells are needed to watch for many different diseases or invaders
A

T helper cells

  • They give instructions to other cells by producing signals.
41
Q
  • These are killer cells
  • They punch holes in the walls of the pathogen cell so that the contents ooze out.
A

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells

42
Q
  • means ‘big eater’
  • These cells “eat” (ingest) or clean up the mess of dead cells
A

Macrophages

43
Q

-These cells are like the spies.
-They notice if there is an invader and then present evidence of the invader to T cells in the ____

A

Dendritic cells
lymph nodes

44
Q
  • These produce antibodies, which lock onto the antigen of invading bacteria and immobilize them until the macrophage consumes them
  • some of them become memory cells after being activated by the presence of antigen
  • These cells are able to live for a long time and can respond quickly following a second exposure to the same antigen
A

B cells

45
Q
  • When the infection is gone, the immune system needs to be calmed down (or the killer cells may keep killing)
    -These cells slow down or turn off the immune system to prevent damage to good cells
A

Suppressor T cells

46
Q
  • The lymphatic system is a system of thin tubes that runs throughout the body. These tubes are called lymph vessels. They contain lymph.
  • Lymph is fluid in which ____ cells are found.
A

white blood (immune)

47
Q
  • Lymph nodes are small, round masses of tissue that are found in certain areas (such as the neck, groin and armpits). They ____ bacteria and other foreign materials out of lymph and expose them to B and T cells and macrophages that can engulf them.
  • These cells multiply in response to accumulation of such materials, which is why lymph nodes ____ during infections.
A

filter
swell

48
Q

.

-A glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, has a high affinity for iron
-It functions to store and delivered iron to the host cells

A

Transferrin

49
Q

Substances that stimulate the production of fever is called ____ which may originate either outside or inside the body.

A

pyrogens or pyrogenic substance

50
Q

is an example of pyrogen that is produced within the body (endogenous pyrogen)

A

Interleukin I (IL – 1)

51
Q

Fever augment is Host defense:

A
  • -By stimulating WBC to deploy and destroy invaders
  • -By reducing the plasma iron
  • -By inducing the production of IL – 1 (causes the proliferation, maturation, and activation of lymphocytes in the immunologic response)
52
Q

Benefits Fever

A

-Inhibits the multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms
-Impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron
-Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reaction and naturally protective physiological process

53
Q

Small, antiviral proteins produced by virus infected cells.
-Three known types alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma(γ) ____, are induce by different stimuli and produced by different cells.

A

interferon/s

54
Q

localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection

A

Inflammation

55
Q

Major Events

A
  • Vasodilation
  • increased permeability of the capillaries (allowing the escape of plasma and plasm proteins)
  • Egress of leukocytes from the capillaries and their accumulation at the site
56
Q

Purpose of inflammation

A

-localized an infection
-prevent the spread of the microbial infection
-neutralized any toxins
-aid in the repair of damaged tissue

57
Q

Phagocytosis begin when phagocytes move to the site where they are needed. This directed migration is called chemotaxis results of chemical attractants called ____ .

A

hemotactic agent

58
Q

How does it work?
1/
-When a pathogen (disease-causing organism) invades the body, the neutrophils ____ and try to engulf it and destroy it.
-Should the invaders get past the neutrophils, several things may happen.

A

gather at the entry site

59
Q

How does it work?
2/
The macrophages (big eaters) will be attracted by the ____ those of the neutrophils. These cells attempt to engulf the invader, but they also send signals to other cells for help.

A

death

60
Q

How does it work?
3/
The dendritic cells, which are constantly scouting around (they can communicate with up to 200 other cells at once) may find the pathogen and ____ to T helper cells that congregate in the lymph nodes in the body.

A

take a piece to present

61
Q

How does it work?
4/
- A T helper cell will recognize only one pathogen. If the T helper cell recognizes the invader, it will immediately ____ to increase numbers.
- The T helper cell then activates the appropriate immune cells for the attack.
- if the invading organism is a ____, the T helper cell will signal the cytotoxic (killer) T cells to come to the rescue. These cells punch holes in the walls of invading virus-infected host cells, killing the cells and destroying the virus.

A

clone
virus

62
Q

How does it work?
5/
- B cells can also be activated to produce antibodies that will stick to free invaders, ____
- If the invader is ____, B cells are usually drawn to the task. They squirt an antibody (IgG) onto the bacteria (a bit like squirting tomato sauce onto chips)
* This sticks everything together and makes it attractive to macrophages, which clear up the mess.

  • If the bacteria enters the system through the gut, the antibodies released by the B cells are usually IgA antibodies.
  • These antibodies acts by blocking the bacteria adhering to the gut cells, preventing infection
A

marking them out for macrophages to clean up.

bacterial

63
Q

How does it work?
6/
After a few days of fighting off the pathogen, you will recover from your infection. At this stage, the immune system activates T suppressor cells. These cells send out ‘calm down’ signals, which ____ the immune system.

A

quieten down

PARASITOLOGY (6 decks)

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