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Board > Cell Pathology > Flashcards

Cell Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

-plasia means

A

formation, growth

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2
Q

Neoplasia means

A

new growth

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3
Q

Sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of connective tissue (fibrosarcoma)

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4
Q

Carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (basal cell carcinoma)

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5
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma of colon)

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6
Q

metastasis

what ways?

A

spread of tumor cells to a distant site

hematogenous, lymphatic spread or direct seeding of body cavities/surfaces

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7
Q

Progression of benign tumors to malignancy

A

hyperplasia -> dysplasia -> cancer

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8
Q

Describe hyperplasia

A

exhibits increased cell division

cells look normal

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9
Q

Describe dysplasia

A

exhibits disordered growth + many histological characteristics of malignancy

Does NOT exhibit local invasion or metastasis

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10
Q

Describe anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation

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11
Q

Describe pleomorphism

A

variation in cell size & shape

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12
Q

_____ cells lose their apical-basal polarity aka

A

epithelial cells

aka loss of polarity, loss of function

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13
Q

Necrosis is caused via

A

rapid cell growth = insufficient blood supply to tumors

cells at center of tumor will often die

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14
Q

Genetic changes that cause cancer

A

gain or loss of function

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15
Q

T/F: a single mutation is sufficient to cause cancer

A

FALSE. cancer begins w a single cell & single mutation but it isnt sufficient to cause cancer

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16
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the cell cycle?

A

interphase & mitotic phase

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17
Q

Interphase is subdivided into these 3

A

G1 = growth
S = growth & DNA synthesis
G2 = growth & final prep for division

18
Q

What happens if a cell is not destined to divide soon?

A

It will leave the cell cycle prior to interphase

called G0, leads to quiescence

19
Q

What are some checkpoints in cell division

A

G0, quiescence

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

M checkpoint

20
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

sees if conditions are favorable for DNA replication to proceed

21
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

ensures that chromosomes have been replicated correctly & DNA isnt damage

22
Q

M checkpoint

A

spindle checkpoint

determines whether chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

23
Q

What important molecules are responsible for moving the cell thru the cell cycle past the check points?

A

cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

24
Q

____ bind to ___ = ____ will activate target proteins by _______ = advances cell cycle

A

Cyclins

CDKs

Cyclin-CDK complex

by phosphorylation

25
Q

Tumor suppressor proteins _______, often by stopping cell cycle at what checkpoint?

The protein _____ binds to ______ preventing transcription of ______

A

G1 checkpoint

RB binds to transcription factor E2f, preventing transcription of cyclins

26
Q

In the presence of mitogenic signals, ____ phosphorylates ___, inactivating it

A

CDKs; RB

27
Q

An important tumor supressor that prevents growth & division of abnormal cells

sometimes called ___

A

p53

“guardian of the genome”

28
Q

Proto-oncogenes vs oncogenes

A

Proto-oncogenes = normal genes that promote normal cell growth & division

oncogenes = mutated forms of proto-oncogenes that promote cancer development

29
Q

p53 = ____ & RB = ___

A

p53 = protector

RB = blocks mitosis when we dont want mitosis

30
Q

2 pathways to apoptosis? which is more commonly affected in cancer cells & why?

A

Extrinsic & intrinsic (mitochondrial)

Intrinsic = cancer cells as p53 stimulates apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway

mutations in p53 allow the cell to avoid apoptosis

31
Q

Cancer cells resemble stem cells in their _______ & in their ability to _____

A

lack of differentiation

ability to continually replicate

32
Q

Progressive loss of ____ w each cell division = limited ability to replicate

A

telomeres

33
Q

Shorten telomeres, cell = ___.

A

senescent

34
Q

Stem cells & cancer cells can avoid senescence by expressing the enzyme ____ which does what?

A

telomerase

lengthens telomeres & avoids mitotic catastrophe

35
Q

Describe the Warburg effect

A

Aerobic glycolysis

cancer cells can use glycolysis as their energy source by converting glucose to lactate (basically using whats toxic as energy)

36
Q

All rapidly dividing cells use ______ which converts ___ to _____

A

aerobic glycolysis

pyruvate to lactate

37
Q

How can we determine cyst vs tumor?

A

is there blood? bc cancer cells can create angiogenesis

38
Q

Angiogenesis factors

A

VEGF, FGF, EGF

39
Q

Indirect-acting carcinogens require metabolic conversion by ______ enzymes before becoming carcinogenic

A

CYP450

40
Q

What 4 microbes are associated w carcinogenesis?

A

Human papilloma virus (HPV) -> cervical

EBV -> lymphoma

HBV/HCV -> hepatocellular carcinomas

H. pylori -> gastric cancer

41
Q

How does HPV -> cerivical cancer?

A

integrates its DNA into the host DNA & causing inactivation of p53 & RB

Board (8 decks)

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