Malaria

Question 1

(b) Describe how malaria is transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person.

Answer 1

female mosquito/Anopheles mosquito  vector
 bites/takes blood from infected person  blood contains protist
 protist reproduces in mosquito
 transmitted when mosquito bites  transmitted in (mosquito) saliva

Question 2

Outline two distinctly different methods of controlling the spread of malaria.

Answer 2

 use of insecticides
 to kill mosquitoes or
 eliminate standing water/oil on water
 remove/disrupt mosquito breeding

Question 3

symptoms of malaria

Answer 3

fever, headache, chills (shaking), sweating and vomiting. if left untreeated and a host is susceptible, complicatiojn can develope, such as anaemia (because red blood cells burst) and liver failure. the complications can cause death.

Question 4

incubations period of malaria

Answer 4

10-15 days

Question 5

describe how malaria is transmitted from an uninfected person to an infected person.

Answer 5

• May be transmitted from blood transfusions of contaminated blood/ contaminated needles
• When mosquito inserts proboscis into capillary t o with draw blood from infected person, plasmodium gametocytes are withdrawn with blood
• When that mosquito feeds on uninfected, pathogen as larvae are injected with the mosquitos saliva into blood of host.

Question 6

how is Malaria spread (basic)

Answer 6

Mosquito injects sporozoites into blood stream, infects RBCs.

Question 7

what types of disease is malaria (basic)

Answer 7

Protist disease

Question 8

symptoms of malaria (basic)

Answer 8

At least 4 symptoms - headaches, chills, fever, nausea etc.

Question 9

medical treatment of malaria (basic)

Answer 9

antimalarial medicines (kinda shit tho)

Question 10

transmission of malaria (basic)

Answer 10

Indirect - requires a mosquito vector

Question 11

malaria disease name

Answer 11

Plasmodium Falciparum

Question 12

malaria mode of transmission

Answer 12

Indirect
Requires a vector
Female Anopheles mosquito blood feeds
Less common forms of transmission:
Blood transfusions, sharing needles, congenital infection

Question 13

malaria life cycle

Answer 13

Entry via skin: blood feed by mosquito vector
Replication: sexual reproduction between male and female gametes in the mosquito (definitive host) gut; asexual reproduction of sporozoites in liver cells; asexual reproduction of merozoites in red blood cells (the human is the intermediate host)
Exit via skin: blood feed by mosquito vector.

Question 14

Method of Invasion

Answer 14

Mosquito injects sporozoites of parasite into host bloodstream as she feeds
Invade liver
Divide repeatedly to make merozoites
Leave liver, enter blood, infect RBCs, divide again
RBCs rupture + release merozoites + metabolic waste
Toxins induce symptoms (may subside but reappear when new RBC bursts)

Question 15

Method of Invasion

Answer 15

Life cycle complete when merozoites form gametocytes
Ingested by mosquito
Fuse to form zygotes which burrow through wall of stomach + form cysts
Sporozoites form in cysts + migrate to salivary glands

Question 16

malaria evolutionary adaptations

Answer 16

Resistant strains emerging
Parasite can switch on / off expression of some proteins to enter RBCs
Can invade immune system
Uses a vector to penetrate external defenses

Question 17

factors affecting spread

Answer 17

Genetic factors (eg. Sickle cell)
Poor rural populations
Travellers + human activities
Domestic animals + agriculture work
Found more where vectors thrive (ie. Tropical climates)

Question 18

Management Strategies - Treatment

Answer 18

Urgent hospital assessment + management
Antimalarial medicines
Rapidly eliminates parasites
Types depend on which Plasmodium has infected you

Question 19

Management Strategies - Prevention

Answer 19

Take precaution against mosquito bites
Avoid dusk/down outdoor activities, loose long clothing, mosquito repellants, no perfumes, sleep under mosquito nets
Take antimalarial medication
Do not prevent infection, but suppress symptoms by killing parasite as soon as at liver / blood
Effective vaccines not yet developed