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Basic Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 1 (Chapters 1-5) Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1-5) Review Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of living organisms include the ability to…

A

…respond and adapt to their environment.

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2
Q

What is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

A

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

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3
Q

What is the pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow?

A

carotene

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4
Q

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions concerning the external environment is called what?

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, protection, and mineral storage

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6
Q

Which of these transport mechanisms do not fit into the rest of the group listed: ion pumps, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or passive transport?

A

ion pumps

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7
Q

What has a negative charge?

A

an electron

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8
Q

The difference between AMP, ADP, and ATP molecules is the…

A

…number of phosphates in the molecule.

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9
Q

Which body system defends against infection and disease?

A

the lymphatic system

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10
Q

Before a cell can divide by mitosis, what must occur?

A

replication of the DNA

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11
Q

Which connective tissue type provides insulation?

A

adipose tissue

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12
Q

The heart, blood, and blood vessels combine to form what?

A

an organ (cardiovascular) system

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13
Q

A class of lipids used as chemical messengers to signal cells to change is called what?

A

steroids

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14
Q

The sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change is called what?

A

the receptor

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15
Q

What is the most accurate definition of a chemical reaction?

A

It is a process in which bonds between atoms are formed or broken.

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16
Q

Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a ____?

A

duct

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17
Q

The common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems is to…

A

…preserve homeostasis.

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18
Q

Plasma membranes allow certain molecules to pass while blocking others. Membranes with this property are called what?

A

selectively permeable

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19
Q

What is the function of hair associated with nerve fiber?

A

provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

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20
Q

What statement is true regarding atomic structure and function?

A

An atom is electrically neutral, having the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons.

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21
Q

What is a type of connective tissue?

A

bone tissue

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22
Q

What is the correct description of a molecule?

A

It is comprised of two or more atoms sharing electrons.

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23
Q

Functionally, carbohydrates are most important as…

A

…sources of energy.

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24
Q

True or false? A collection of cells that work together designates a tissue.

A

true

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25
Q

The type of feedback that decreases the effect of a stimulus is ________?

A

negative

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26
Q

True or false? Connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bone are called cartilage.

A

false

27
Q

What is defined as soluble inorganic compounds whose ions will conduct an electric current in solutions?

A

electrolytes

28
Q

Describe the two types of homeostatic regulation and give an example of each.

A

Positive feedback is a process that reinforces a stimulus. An example of positive feedback is during the blood clotting response or labor contractions. Negative feedback is a process that opposes a variation for normal limits to restore homeostasis. An example of negative feedback is when our temperature rises, we release sweat to cool down.

29
Q

What is the importance of studying anatomical detail?

A

Each anatomical detail has an effect on function.

30
Q

What feature is valid for muscle tissue?

A

Muscle cells contain actin and myosin filaments.

31
Q

Represent multiple levels of organization from most minor to most complex.

A

chemical : cell : tissue : organ system : organism

32
Q

Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works and identify the transport process type.

A

The sodium-potassium pump is a transmembrane protein that pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell. Both ions are moving against their concentration gradient, which requires ATP. It is an example of active transport.

33
Q

The function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland is ___________?

A

lubrication

34
Q

The primary function of a serous membrane is to…

A

…reduce friction.

35
Q

Neurons have…

A

…a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

36
Q

True or false? Ions are atoms of the same element but contain different numbers of neutrons.

A

false

37
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

38
Q

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

A

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the injury site.

39
Q

What is the mechanism of enzyme function?

A

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

40
Q

As a result of playing tennis in the summer heat without proper hydration, you have become very dehydrated. You are now in hypernatremia, a condition where your blood sodium levels are too high. Your brain tells you to drink water, and as a result, your blood sodium and hydration levels go back to normal. This illustrates…

A

…negative feedback.

41
Q

True or false? If a substance resists changes in pH, either by removing or replacing hydrogen ions, it is called a buffer.

A

true

42
Q

The symbol ⇄ (double-headed arrow) used in visual chemical reactions means that…

A

…the chemical reaction can go in either direction.

43
Q

A. Define a hypotonic solution, and B. Describe what the effect would be if a sample of blood were added to a hypotonic solution.

A

A hypotonic solution is when fewer solute particles are on one side of the membrane relative to the other. Hypotonic fluid would cause water to diffuse into the blood cells, causing them to swell and possibly rupture (hemolysis).

44
Q

What occurs as cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface?

A

The cells die.

45
Q

What is the concept of the cell theory?

A

Cells are the basic structural unit of life.

46
Q

Why is it important to precisely regulate the pH of blood or other body fluids?

A

Hydrogen ions are incredibly reactive.

47
Q

What is an example of an organ?

A

the heart

48
Q

The term that applies to all of the decomposition reactions that occur in metabolism is __________?

A

catabolism

49
Q

Functions of the skin include…

A

…regulating body temperature.

50
Q

Mutations are permanent alterations in what?

A

DNA

51
Q

You are working with a particular protein in your research lab to determine how its properties affect the protein’s function. To determine what consequences there might be on protein function, you decide to change just one amino acid of the entire protein length, which consists of 100 amino acids. Which structure of the protein have you just directly changed?

A

primary

52
Q

Carrier molecules are located within where?

A

the plasma membrane

53
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the stomach and intestinal tract?

A

simple columnar

54
Q

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is __________ tissue.

A

epithelial

55
Q

What condition is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma

56
Q

The membrane covering the surface of the lung is referred to as the…

A

…visceral pleura.

57
Q

A. What type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder, and why is it there? B. In what cell type(s) will you find gap junctions, and why are they necessary?

A

A. Transitional epithelium, because it tolerates the changes in size due to repetitive filling and emptying; B. Gap junctions are found in cardiac cells to coordinate the muscle contractions. They are also in ciliated cells to coordinate the movement of debris up and out of the respiratory passageway.

58
Q

True or false? A person lying face up in the anatomical position is said to be in the prone position.

A

false

59
Q

An organ will likely be composed of…

A

…different tissues.

60
Q

What is a correct statement about stratified epithelia?

A

They cover surfaces that are subjected to mechanical or chemical stress.

61
Q

True or false? Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm.

A

false

62
Q

Merocrine sweat glands…

A

…respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

63
Q

What is the most logical reason for an older person’s higher potential to be prone to skin infections than a younger person?

A

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

64
Q

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it…

A

…stimulates vitamin D₃ synthesis in the epidermis.

Basic Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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