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Behavioral Neuroscience > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Sound, a mechanical force, is _____ into neural activity.

A

transduced

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2
Q

The _____ and ear canal collects low freq. sound waves.

A

external ear

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3
Q

Three ossicles – _____, _____, _____ – connect ______ to _____.

A 
malleus, incus, and stapes
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
oval window
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4
Q

Oval window is the window to the _____.

A

cochlea

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5
Q

Two muscles in middle ear vary linkage of ossicles: _____ and _____.

A

Tensor tympani muscle

Stapedius muscle

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6
Q

When activated too much, muscles (in the ear) stiffen to _____ loud sounds.

A

dampen

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7
Q

Thin fibers called _____ run across each hair cell’s _____.

A

tip links

stereocilia

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8
Q

Effect of sound on stereocilia

1) Vibration makes stereocilia bend, causing _____.
2) The hair cell depolarizes, and calcium influx at the _____ of the cell causes _____ release.

A

ion channels to open
base
glutamate

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9
Q

Hair cells do not have _____ so therefore do not generate action potentials.

A

axons

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10
Q

Outer hair cells act as _____.

Inner hair cells act as _____.

A

Amplifiers

Transducers

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11
Q

The _____ is the first place with bilateral input.

A

Superior olivary nucleus

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12
Q

Auditory neurons have _____.

A 
tonotopic organization
(arranged in pitch order, from low to high)
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13
Q

Auditory cortex cells each have a _____.

A

preferred frequency

cells ‘specialize’ in what frequency they fire to

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14
Q

Encoding pitch with firing rate of auditory neurons is called _____.

A

Frequency coding

50 Hz sound causes an auditory cell to fire 50 times a second

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15
Q

the _____ is used when the frequency of a sound wave is too high for any single fiber to fire every cycle.

A 
volley principle
(each fiber only fires at a certain point in the cycle. Collective activity is measured)
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16
Q

_____ is when each place on the tentorial membrane has a resonant frequency.

A

Place coding

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17
Q

_____ are coded by frequency of nerve impulses (up to 50 Hz). This is known as _____.

A

Low frequencies

Frequency coding

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18
Q

_____ are coded in terms of the place along the basilar membrane which shows greatest activity (over 5000 Hz). This is known as _____.

A

High frequencies

Place coding

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19
Q

For intermediate frequencies (from 50 to 5000 Hz) _____ is coded through combination of _____.

A

pitch

Volley & Place mechanisms

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20
Q

_____ signal sound location.

A

Binaural cues

21
Q

_____ occur when sounds are heard at a different loudness at the two ears.

A

Intensity differences

22
Q

_____ occur when sounds are heard at different arrival times at the two ears.

A

Latency differences

23
Q

Accurate localization requires processing both _____ and _____.

A

Intensity differences

Latency differences

24
Q

_____ is our main sound localization nucleus.

A

Superior olive

25
Q

For high frequency sounds, location is coded by _____ in _____.

A

intensity differences

superior olive

26
Q

_____ compares intensity (loudness).

A

lateral SO

lateral superior olive

27
Q

For low frequency sounds, location is coded by _____ differences in _____.

A

latency

superior olive

28
Q

_____ compares time difference (arrival times).

A

medial SO

medial superior olive

29
Q

Auditory cortex analyzes complex sounds in the _____ and _____ streams.

A

dorsal

ventral

30
Q

_____ is located in the frontoparietal lobe and involved in sound _____.

A

Dorsal stream

location (where?)

31
Q

_____ is located in the temporal lobe and analyzes _____ of sound

A

Ventral stream

components (what?)

32
Q

_____ is a disorder of the outer or middle ear that prevents sounds from reaching the cochlea.

A

Conduction deafness

33
Q

_____ is a disorder from cochlea or auditory nerve lesions.

A

Sensorineural deafness

34
Q

_____ is a disorder caused by brain lesions, with complex results. Associated with neurologic disorders (multiple sclerosis, tumors).

A

Central deafness

35
Q

Types of central hearing loss

A

Cortical deafness
- Pure word deafness
- Auditory agnosia (inability to interpret/recognize)
Auditory hallucinations

36
Q

_____ results in fluent verbal output, severely disturbed spoken language comprehension. Nonverbal sounds are correctly identified.

A

Pure word deafness

central hearing loss (cortical deafness)

37
Q

_____ results in relatively normal pure tone hearing, but inability to recognize verbal or nonverbal sounds (such as ringing telephone).

A

Auditory agnosia

central hearing loss (cortical deafness)

38
Q

_____ is the Illusion of complex sound such as music or speech.
Seen in schizophrenia, injury to secondary auditory cortex, or during a temporal lobe seizure.

A

Auditory hallucinations

39
Q

Occasionally, auditory hallucinations occur in damage to _____ structures such as superior olive.

A

brainstem

40
Q

Inflammation of the middle ear (infection) is know as _____.

A

otitis media

41
Q

_____ occurs with dysfunction of the hair cells or auditory nerve.

A

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

42
Q

Symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) include _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

Inappropriately loud voice
High frequency loss common
Speech sounds distorted
Background noise makes listening more difficult

43
Q

Viral infection such as measles and CMV kill _____.

A

auditory hair cells

44
Q

More often a gradual onset than sudden onset, _____ is the most preventable cause of deafness.

A

noise induced hearing loss

NIHL

45
Q

_____ is the perception of sound in one or both ears or in the head when no external sound is present. It can be single or multi-toned, constant or intermittent, temporary or life-long.

A

Tinnitus

46
Q

Although damage to the cochlea causes hearing loss and often _____ tinnitus, _____ maintains chronic tinnitus

A

initiates

CNS

47
Q

Prebycusis

A

age related hearing loss

48
Q

Tinnitus effects ____% of the population

A

15

49
Q

sounds are recognized faster in the _____ hemisphere.

A

right

Behavioral Neuroscience (14 decks)

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