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Environmental Science > chapter 10: Farming > Flashcards

chapter 10: Farming Flashcards

1
Q

soil

A

renewable resource, develops gradually through weathering of rocks and the accumulation of organic material, accumulates 1mm/year, but severe erosion rates exceed 25mm/year

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2
Q

six components of soil

A

sand and gravel, silts and clay, dead organic material, soil fauna and flora, water, air

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3
Q

soil texture

A

amount of sand, silt and clay in the soil, is the most important characteristic of soils

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4
Q

loam soil

A

considered best for agriculture because they are a mixture of sand, silt, and clay

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5
Q

brazilian tropic soils

A

deeply weathered red clay with little organic material, hold few nutrients and water

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6
Q

black soil

A

rich in nutrients and organic material and contain a mixture of sand, silt, and clay to hold moisture well

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7
Q

soil bacteria

A

algae and fungi decompose leaf litter making recycled nutrients available to plants

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8
Q

mycorrihizal symbiosis

A

association between plant roots and certain fungi, plant feeds the fungus and the fungus provides water and inorganic nutrients to the plant enhancing growth

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9
Q

soil horizons

A

horizontal layers that soil are divided into

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10
Q

o horizon

A

organic layer, leaf litter, most soil organisms and partially decomposed organisms

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11
Q

a horizon

A

surface soil, mineral particles mixed with organic material

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12
Q

e horizon

A

washed out, depleted of soluble nutrients

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13
Q

b horizon

A

subsoil, often dense texture due to clays

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14
Q

c horizon

A

weathered rock fragments with little organic material

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15
Q

parent material

A

mineral material on which the soil is built, can be bedrock

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16
Q

identify soils based on..

A

thickness and composition of their upper layers

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17
Q

mollisols

A

dominant soil in the farm belt, thick, organic rich a-horizon, developed from deep, dense, roots when this land was covered with prairie grasslands

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18
Q

alfisols

A

type of soil important in farming, developed in deciduous forests and have a thinner a-horizon and less organic material

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19
Q

earth’s land currently in agricultural production

A

12.5%, four times as much could potentially be converted to farm land

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20
Q

ecological effects of converting land to farm land..

A

loss of biodiversity, clean water, other ecological services provided by these grasslands or forests

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21
Q

arable land

A

unevenly distributed around the world, best farming occurs in moderate climate with think fertile soil

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22
Q

gains in agricultural producation

A

come from increased fertilization, pesticides and irrigation rather than more land

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23
Q

hectare

A

2.41 acres

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24
Q

every year ___ of cropland worldwide are made unusable by _______ and another ____ are converted to non-agricultural uses

A

3 million hectares, erosion, 4 million hectares

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25
Q

sheet erosion

A

thin surface layer of soil removed

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26
Q

rill erosion

A

small rivulets (streams) of running water gather together and cut small channels

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27
Q

gully erosion

A

rills enlarge to form bigger channels too large to be removed by normal tillage

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28
Q

stream bank erosion

A

washing away of soil from banks of streams and rivers

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29
Q

desertification

A

conversion of productive land to desert, threatens 1/3 of earth’s surface and over 1 billion people

30
Q

intensive farming practices are responsible for…

A

row crops leave soil exposed, weed free-fields, removal of windbreaks, no crop-rotation or resting periods for fields, continued monoculture cropping can increase soil loss tenfold

31
Q

rangelands and pastures are highly susceptible to…

A

overgrazing and soil degration

32
Q

africa and china are of particular concern

A

rapid population growth and poverty create unsustainable pressures, removal of trees for fodder and firewood triggers climate change that spreads desertification

33
Q

low cost of water encourages…

A

overuse of water through waterlogging and salinization (mineral salts accumulate in soils; lethal to plants)

34
Q

limits plant growth

A

lack of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

35
Q

alternative way to replenish soil

A

manure and nitrogen-fixing bacteria

36
Q

the US food system consumes ___ of total energy

A

16%, eating locally grown foods have less environmental impact

37
Q

biological pests

A

organisms such as insects or fungi that compete with humans to consume agricultural crops

38
Q

pesticides

A

chemicals that kill biological pests

39
Q

biocides

A

pesticide that kills a wide variety of living organisms

40
Q

herbicides

A

pesticide that kills plants

41
Q

insecticides

A

pesticide that kill insects

42
Q

fungicides

A

pesticide that kill fungi

43
Q

synthetically produced pesticides

A

most common method of controlling pests in modern agricultural production

44
Q

DDT

A

inexpensive, stable, easily applied, highly effective, synthetic organic pesticide, almost killed off the bald eagle by thinning the shell of the egg leading to an inability to reproduce, banned in the US

45
Q

conventional pestides

A

roughly 80% applied in the US are used in agriculture or food storage and shipping

46
Q

organophosphates

A

most abundantly used synthetic pesticides, used as insecticides and inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme necessary for nervous system function, quickly degrade, dangerous to workers, can be lethal

47
Q

roundup

A

most commonly used organophosphate herbicide, genetically modified roundup resistant crops have been produced

48
Q

chlorinated hydrocarbons

A

type of pesticide, fast acting and highly toxic to sensitive organisms, persistent and concentrate in food chains, atrazine, mothballs, and DDT

49
Q

fumigants

A

small molecules which are delivered as a gas to penetrate soil or other materials, used in fungus control on strawberries or to prevent insect/rodent damage to stored grains, extremely dangerous to workers, restricted/banned in areas

50
Q

inorganic pesticides

A

compounds of toxic elements such as mercury or arsenic, highly toxic, indestructible, persistent, generally act as nerve toxins

51
Q

natural organic pesticides

A

generally extracted from plants and include such pesticides as nicotine or pyrethrums, toxic to insects and may prevent wood decay

52
Q

microbial agents and biological controls

A

type of pesticide, living organisms or toxins derived from them that are used in place of pesticides.

53
Q

non-target species

A

broadly sprayed pesticides might not reach intended target and instead kill beneficial organisms

54
Q

pest resurgence

A

few resistant pests survive the pesticide and repopulate the area with more resistant pests, require finding new pesticides

55
Q

persistent organic pollutants

A

chlorinated hydrocarbons that are stable, soluble in fats and toxic, travel far from the point of dispersal, stored in far and tend to bioaccumulate, high levels detected in upper level animals, evaporate from warm regions and condense in cold

56
Q

human health problems due to pesticides

A

25 million have poisoning, 20,000 die each year. 2/3 result from occupational hazards. 73% of conventionally grown foods in the US contain residue of at least 1 pesticide

57
Q

organic agriculture

A

eco-friendly, leaves soil healthier, less than 1% of american farmland but market growing, must be produced without use of hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or genetic modification, animals must be raised on organic feed, given access to outdoors, no steroids, and only given antibiotics when sick

58
Q

behavioral changes to reduce pests

A

crop rotation, mechanical cultivation, flooding fields, habitat diversification, adjusting planting times,plant mixed polycultures, tillage at the right time

59
Q

biological controls

A

predators or pathogens, insects that eat weeds, plants like neem tree that make their owrn pesticides, bio-engineering, hormones that disrupt the development or attract instects to traps

60
Q

integrated pest management

A

flexible, ecologically bases strategy that is applied at specific times against specific pests, some use of pesticides takes place, time, type and method are controlled

61
Q

trap crops

A

IPM, small areas are planted before the main crop, these plants mature first and attract insects, the trap crop is destroyed along with pests

62
Q

contour plowing

A

plowing across slope to slow flow of water

63
Q

strip farming

A

planting different crops in alternating strips along land contours

64
Q

terracing

A

shaping land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil

65
Q

highest rates of erosion

A

annual row crops because they leave soil bare for much of the year

66
Q

method of providing ground cover

A

plant cover crops (clover) after harvest, interplant two different crops in the same field; harvest one the other is left to hold the soil, mulch

67
Q

minimum till

A

less frequent plowing and cultivating

68
Q

conservation-till

A

uses a disc called a coulter to open a furrow just wide enough for seed placement, have to depend on pesticides heavily

69
Q

no till

A

drilling holes in the ground for seed through mulch and ground cover

70
Q

vegetarian diet

A

reduce environmental impact concerning energy input

71
Q

organic diet

A

reduce environmental impact concerning pesticide use

72
Q

locavore

A

person who only eats locally grown, seasonal food

Environmental Science (7 decks)

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