Renal

Question 1

What organ produced Erythropoietin and what does it do?

Answer 1

The Kidneys
stimulates bone marrow into producing more RBCs

Question 2

How is water reabsorbed back to the body?

Answer 2

By antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

Question 3

What does it mean if there are large amounts of epithelial cells in a urinalysis

Answer 3

contamination

Question 4

If you see more than 10 WBC/uL in a urinalysis what does this mean?

Answer 4

For males it indicates an infection

for females it MIGHT mean infection

this is known as pyuria (Leukocytes in the urine)

Question 5

What amount of bacteria in a culture would indicate infection vs. bacteriuria?

Answer 5

MORE than 10 CFU/ml indicated infection
anything less than that in a culture would just mean there is bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria)

Question 6

What does it mean if you see RBC in a urinalysis?

Answer 6

Kidney stones or UTI

Question 7

What patients are considered complicated UTI and must be treated for 7 days,and should have culture before and after treatment>

Answer 7

diabetics
pregnant women
children
elderly
HIV positive
one kidney

Question 8

Where are the adrenal glands located and what are their purpose?

Answer 8

They are located ontop of the kidneys

1. Adrenal cortex (outer layer)
2. Adrenal medulla (inner)

Question 9

What hormones are produced by the Adrenal cortex
Adrenal Medull

Answer 9

Adrenal cortex: produces aldosterone that regulates sodium retention and excretion of potassium and cortisol (a glucocorticoid)

Adrenal medulla: (epinephrine) and (norepinephrine)

Question 10

What is a pheocromocytoma?

Answer 10

A noncancerous tumor in the adrenal medulla (ontop of the kidneys)

It stimulates overproduction of epi and nor epinephrine

Question 11

what are the 4 symptom of pheochromocytoma ?

Answer 11

1. High blood pressure/ paroxysmal HTN (episodic volatile highblood pressure)
2. sweating
3. Palpitations
4. headaches

Question 12

How do you diagnose pheochromocytoma?

Answer 12

24-hour urine for metanephrines/catecholamines

if elevated then pt will need CT/MRI of adrenal glands

Question 13

What symptoms would you see in renal artery stenosis?

Answer 13

1. Secondary HTN
2. epigastric or upper abdominal quadrant bruit
3. headache
4. Astherosclerosis

Question 14

What symptoms would you expect to see in polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 14

HTN
flank pain
palpable abdominal mass
nausea/fatigue/elevated creatine
hematuria
CKD
3. Proteinuria
4. Flank pain
5. UTI/obstructive calculi

Question 15

True or false, all diuretics cause hypokalemia?

Answer 15

yes! EXCEPT FOR spironolactone

Question 16

How do you treat hypokalemia?

with potassium supplements or with potassium rich foods?

Answer 16

oral potassium chloride is the preferred treatment for mild.mod diuretic induced hypokalemia

Question 17

What are the symptoms of b12 deficiency?

Answer 17

Ataxia (romberg test)
Paresthesia and numbness
loss of proprioception
memory loss/dementia

Question 18

If your patient has hypertension, BPH, and erectile dysfunction

and wants to start Sildenafil (viagra) what considerations should you make?

Answer 18

Doxazosin is an alpha blocker for HTN, if your patient is on any medications for hypertension and they want to start viagra it can cause hypotension so be careful when prescribing the two

Question 19

What are contraindications to PDE-5 inhibitors for ED?

Answer 19

Nitrates
or alpha blockers (Doxazosin,tamsulosin)

ends in -OSIN

Question 20

Erectile dysfunction with loss of early morning errections suggests what 2 types of causes?

Answer 20

Hypogonadism (low testosterone)
Vascular disease (atherosclerosis)
Neuropathy

Question 21

When would you say its NOT safe to prescribe a PDE-5 inhibitor for ED? (Sildenafil)

Answer 21

generally you prescribe it to everyone unless:

1. MI in the past 2ish weeks
2. unstable angina
3. Refactory angina

Question 22

If your patient has an MI without revascularization, can you prescribe them viagra?

Answer 22

first do a cardiac stress test, or chemical stress test, if normal then yes :)

Question 23

When performing bloodwork, if Bands are formed in the CBC, what does this mean?

Answer 23

If band forms (immature WBCs) are seen, it is indicative of a serious bacterial infection.