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AANP exam > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hashimoto Disease?

A

Hashimoto’s disease is anautoimmune disorderthat can causehypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid –sometimes resulting in a goiter

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Hashimoto Disease?

A

Fatigue, sluggish
puffy face
pale dry skin
constipation

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3
Q

How do you diagnose Hashimoto disease?

A

Lab value TPO

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4
Q

what are the causes of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Graves Disease
  2. Thyroid Nodule
  3. Thyroiditis
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5
Q

What is the treatment for Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Methimazole/Propylthiouracil
  2. Beta Blockers
  3. Radioactive Iodine
  4. Surgery
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6
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune complication that causes the thyroid gland to produce way too much thyroid hormone causing near fatal consequences if not treatedGraves’ disease is often the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.

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7
Q

In what condition do you see puffy eyes, exopthalmos?

A

Graves Disease, an autoimmune condition that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for diabetes (american)

A

family with diabetes
45 or older
ethnicity
stress
Sleeping too little/too much
smoking

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9
Q

What are the american values for diagnosing diabetes?

  1. A1c
  2. Fasting plasma Glucose
  3. Oral Glucose Tolerance test
A
  1. 6.5%
  2. greater than 126 (fasting plasma glucose)
  3. Oral glucose test greater than 200
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10
Q

When would you consider starting insulin in patients who have type 2 diabetes?

A

Start when the A1C is 9% or in the double digits

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11
Q

What is metabolic syndrome, and what criteria must be met

A

you need three of the following:

  1. Large waist circumference
  2. Low HLD
  3. HTN
    4, Elevated fasting blood sugar
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12
Q

What are the three problems caused by pituitary tumors?

A
  1. Hypersecretion of a hormone
  2. Hyposecretion of a hormone
  3. Tumor mass effects: as a pituitary tumor grows and presses against the pituitary gland it can cause headaches, vision changes, or other health effects
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13
Q

What are three examples of pituitary tumors that result in hormonal over production?

A
  1. Acromegaly (excess growth hormone)
  2. Cushing Disease (excess adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  3. Galactorrhea (excess prolactin)
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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Growth Hormone Deficiency?

A

Children:Growth delay

Adults: Decreased muscle mass, increased body fat, elevated cholesterol, low bone density (osteoporosis), impaired psychological well-being

Treatment Human Growth Hormone

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of LH/FSH deficiency

A

Decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, irregular or absent menses, decreased body hair, decreased muscle strength, hot flashes, mood changes

Treatment: testosterone for men, estrogen/progesterone women

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16
Q

What are the symptom of adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency

A

low appetite
nausea
weakness
low blood sugar
low blood pressure
dizziness
bodyaches

treated with hydrocortisone or prednisone

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17
Q

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone do?

A

It regulates cortisol
Cortisol is released by the adrenal gland and it regulates:

blood pressure
blood sugar, the immune system, and the response to stress.

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of Prolactin deficiency?

A

inability to lactate, no treatment

19
Q

What are the symptoms of anti-diuretic-hormone deficiency?

A

Increased thirst and frequent urination

20
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Addison’s disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs

when your body doesn’t produce enough of the cortisol hormone

21
Q

What are the symptoms of Addisons disease?

A

Muscle weakness
Abdominal pain
Salt cravings
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Fatigue
Hyperpigmentation/bronzed skin

22
Q

What are the names for these conditions?

  1. Thyroid Diseases (hyper.hypo)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic (hyper/hypo)
A

Thyroid conditions:

Graves Disease (too much thyroid hormone) vs. Hashimoto (hypo)

Cushing Disease (Hyper cortisol) vs. Addison’s Disease (Hypo)

23
Q

What are the 4 causes of Addisons disease?

A

Abrupt stop of steroid usage
Autoimmune
Infection (HIV/TB/Fungi)
Congenital
Pituitary Dysfunction

24
Q

how do you diagnose Addison disease?

A
  1. ACTN stimulation test
  2. Early morning serum cortisol

Low serum sodium; elevated potassium

25
Q

What is Cushings Syndrome?

A

Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushings Syndrome?

A
  1. Moon face (round rosy)
  2. Weight gain, in upper body
  3. Buffalo hump, in upper back of base of neck
  4. Acne
  5. Fatigue
  6. Hypernatremia (fluid retention), low potassium
27
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome?

A

Taking too much steroids

28
Q

How do you diagnose cushings syndrome?

A
  1. 24 hr urinary free cortisol test
  2. Late night salivary cortisol test
  3. Dexamethasone supression test
  4. Dexamethasone CRH test
29
Q

What is the treatment of Cushing?

A
  1. Remove adrenal glands
  2. Remove pituitary tumor
30
Q

What are some of the symptoms of lupus?

A
  1. Oral ulcers
  2. Discoid Rash/Butterfly Rash
  3. Photosensitivity
  4. Renal Disease
  5. Neuro/psych symptoms
    ^. Serositis
  6. Hematological disorders
31
Q

What are some of the complications of lupus?

A

Bone tissue death
pregnancy complications
infection

32
Q

What symptoms can you see in bulimia nervosa

A

Parotid gland enlargement
hand abrasions
Hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
dehydration

33
Q

What are the risk factors for thyroid cancer?

A

single painless nodule greater than 2.5cm
Hx of childhood neck irradiation

34
Q

If you do a thyroid scan and it shows a cold spot vs warm spot what are you worried for?

A

Cold spot is not metabolically active and more concerning for thyroid cancer

35
Q

what is the preferred medication of treatment for a pregnant women with hyperthyroidism?

A

PTU

36
Q

What considerations do you need to make if your patient with hyperthyroidism is treated with radioactive iodine?

A

this treatment permanently destroys the thyroid, so they will need synthroid for life

37
Q

What is the range for prediabetic patients?

A

fasting blood glucose of 110-125 mg/Dl

38
Q

What diabetic medication is contraindicated in moderate to severe CHF because it can retain water in the body?

A

Thiazolindiones

39
Q

what is the Dawn Phenomenon ?

A

It is a normal physiologic event for the plasma glucose to rise in the early morning
because of the reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin between 5 a.m and 8 a.m.
(from physiologic spike of growth hormone).

40
Q

What is the Somogyi Effect ?

A

Rebound hyperglycemia, it occurs when you overtreat diabetic patients with insulin in the evening/bedtime, causing severe nocturnal hypoglycemia

This hypoglycemia causes the liver to release more sugar, leading to a spike in 7am blood sugar

have a snack before bed

41
Q

What are the 5 symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

A

5 H’s

Hypertension
hypermetabolism
Hyperglycemia
Headache
Hyperhidrosis

42
Q
A
43
Q
A

AANP exam (12 decks)

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