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Geography > 2023 T3 > Flashcards

2023 T3 Flashcards

1
Q

Immigration

A

Entering another country and making it the person’s permanent residence

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2
Q

Emigration

A

Leaving a country to permanently settle in a foreign country

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3
Q

Migration

A

movement of people form one place to another with the intentions of settling permanently or temporarily, at a new location

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4
Q

Labour migration

A

Migration for the main purpose of employment

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5
Q

Refugee migration

A

Leaving a country due to persecution, war, or natural disasters.

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6
Q

population growth

A

natural increase in the number of people in the population due to fertility, mortality and migration

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7
Q

The one child policy

A

A policy developed by governments which aimed to manage population growth
An increase of densely populated areas in China mean access to resources became limited, and were no longer able to sustain and support communities (1979)

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8
Q

Social issues with one child policy

A

decreased quality of life, decreased birth rate, gender imbalance, below replacement level fertility, unregistered children

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9
Q

environmental issues of one child policy

A

less resources being used, less population, no direct impacts to the environment

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10
Q

economic impacts of one child policy

A

ageing population, financial pressures

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11
Q

Demographic impacts of one child policy

A
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12
Q

Overview of population geography

Memorised..

A

The increase in the human population in the last half centuary is unprecedented; and nearly all the growth is occuring in developing countries.

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13
Q

Demography

A

the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

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14
Q

population growth infleunces

A

fertility, mortality

others: increasing life expectancy or morbidity

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15
Q

Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population

Economic

Rent Can Bring Wally’s Dividends

A

Resources: scarcer, prices rise
Congested: living conditions, quality of life, disease
Braindrain: the skilled migrate
Welfare: increased need
Dependants: population dependant, economic strain

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16
Q

Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population

Social

Risking The Soccer Score Can Give Points

A

Resource Tension: social, ethnic, political, economic inequaity,
Shortages: transboundary conflict for resources
Stresses Crime: density increases antisocial, suicide
Government Planning: pressure to control size, social planning

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17
Q

Issues arising from the changing size and distrubution of population

Environmental

Cici Will Do Whatever For Senior Prefect

A

Carbon Dioxide: richest consume more, production increases
Waste: 30% up since 1975, developed nations
Desertification: declining water tables, famine, social unrest, migration
Water: distrbution towards oceans, seage, destruction of fish, development of beaches
Forest: shrinking, demands for wood and paper, industrial world
Soils: last 50 years, 17% degraded

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18
Q

population size

A

the number of individuals in a population

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19
Q

population composition

A

different characteristics within a population that can describe the population
e.g. age, ethnicity

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20
Q

Population growth rates

A

annual average rate of change of population size during a specific period

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21
Q

population distribution

A

the pattern in which a population is spread over an area

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22
Q

population density

A

the number of people per specific area

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23
Q

mortality

A

the number of deaths occuring in a population

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24
Q

fertility

A

the number of live births occuring in a population

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25
Q

replamcement fertility rate

A

population exactly replaces itself from one generation to another

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26
Q

natural increase

calculation

A

crude birth rate – crude death rate

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27
Q

Neollithic revolution

how did it lead to population growth over time

A

Started dominating nature, agriculture, animal husbandry emerged
Developments facilitated sedentarization of the population
Freed up workforce for other jobs (related to crafts)

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28
Q

Population increase in the neolithic revolution

A

by 300 million

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29
Q

Industrial revolution

how did it lead to population growth over time

A

Medical, scientific and economic advances led to this exponential growth
Increase in quality of life from food security, use of technology, education, medical advances,
Clean water, immunisations, refrigerators, low infant mortality,
Technology allowed pregnancies to occur in any situation
Conceiving difficulties, infertility treatments, high risk pregnancies are possible, premature babies use technology to keep alive, children diseases
Technology helping farming techniques, more food for more people, ship food to distant locations using technologies, refrigerators to preserve food

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30
Q

Industrial revolution, life expectancy, child mortaltiy

number of children in China 50s and India 70s

A

When babies started living till 50s, families had more
Early 1900s most European and American families had 6-8 surviving siblings (China in 1950s-60s, India in 70s to 80s)
Immunisations and vaccinations stopped babies from dying from diseases like Cholera, dysentery, smallpox, measles, influenza and food poisoning

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31
Q

Patterns in population distrbubtion and density

stats

A

80% of population live in developing regions
In 2020, Asia housed 60% of world’s population 7.8 billion
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, the most populous region, comprised 30%, 2.3 billion people
2nd largest region, Central and Southern Asia, 2 billion people in 2020, 1.4 million in India

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32
Q

Population density

formula

A

population
____________________
area (sq/km)

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33
Q

Read:

A

linear logarithmic scales/graphs

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34
Q

The measures/conditions behind measuring fertility

A

The mother must:
They experience exact current age-specific fertility rates through lifetime
Live from birth until end of reproductive life
Obtained by summing single year age specific rates at given time

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35
Q

Factors that effect fertility/birth rate

Social

A

Access to contraceptives,
education –> higher literacy rate= improved knowledge of birth control
access to abortion rights, medical provisions,
nutrition –>,
children in labor force –> asset for labor, farming practices, collection of water
religion –>resitrctions from birth control, demand high fertility
status and role of women –> attitudes to child bearing, marriage, alternative family structures,
family size preference

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36
Q

Factors that effect fertility/birth rate

econonmic

A

employment oppurnities –> marry later, less children, casualisation,
cost of children –> seen as econonimic assets in LEDCs, workers on land for income, education and childcare expenses
Role of women –> participation in workforce, chnaging structure, attitudes, two income families

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37
Q

Factors that effect fertility/birth rate

environmental

A

famine
Natural disaster
Harsh conditions

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38
Q

mortality measures

definitions of 3, death, infant mortality, life expectancy at birth

A

Death rate (crude): number of deaths/1000
infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of infants/1000 births (below 1y)
Life expectancy at birth: the average number of additiona years a person would live if current mortality trends were to continue

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39
Q

Facots that affect life expectancy

social

A

Access to healthcare (immunisation, antibiotics, insecticides)
Quality of life
Diseases
Lifestyle
Nutritional improvements
Standards of personal hygiene, effluent disposal (sanititsation)
Access to safe drinking water
Education (awareness of health)

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40
Q

Factors that affect life expectancy

economic

A

Income, occupation (lifestyle), working conditions,

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41
Q

Factors that affect life expectancy

Environmental

A

Air quality
Natural disasters

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42
Q

Population profiles

young population, features, shape

A

Shape: curved pyramid
Developing country
High birth and death rate
fertility above replacement level
Short life expectancy
Poor access to medical facilties, anitation, nutrition, low levels of education
Less working population (young population)
Low disposable income (spent on children), low quality of life
Expansive population

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43
Q

Stats of a young population

population pyramids, 1

A

Average age less tham 20 years old
stage 1-2

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44
Q

Stable population

population pyramids, shape, features

A

Shape: almost parellel lined
developed country
balanced youth and aged
above replacement level fertility, declining
low death rate
Long life span
Good nutrition and eduaction levels, sanitation
Easy access to high standard medical facilties

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45
Q

Stats about stable population

population pyrmaids

A

The average age of this population is late 20s
Stage 3-4

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46
Q

Ageing population

popilation pyramids, shape,

A

developed country
larger share of aged to youth
low birth and death rate
Longer lifespan
High retirement rate
Smaller workforce
Strain on health services
Constricting poplation

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47
Q

Demographic transition theory

A

refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a county develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialised economic system. With increased development comes an increase in population, followed by stability

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48
Q

Stage 1

Demographic transition theory

A

Birth rates an death rates flucuate at high levels, resulting in low population growth rates

High fluctuating

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49
Q

Stage 2

Demographic transition theory

A

Birth rates remain high but death rates fall rapidly, results in rapidly growing population

Early expanding

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50
Q

Stage 3

Demographic transition theory

A

birth rates now fall rapidly wile death rates also continue to fall but at a slower rate. The net result is slowly increasing population.

Late expanding

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51
Q

Stage 4

Demographic transition theory

A

Birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating slightly to givea steady population

Low flucuating

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52
Q

Stage 5

Demographic transition theory

A

Birth rates fall below death rates to give a declining population. There is evidence of his in some countries in Western Europe.

Declining

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53
Q

Stats of ageing population

population pyrmid

A

Average of mid-late 30s

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54
Q

Replacement level TFR

stat

A

2.1 children per woman

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55
Q

Growth patterns in developing and developed countries

amount of people in certain ages

A

Developing nations have 80% of population
31% of the world population is under 15 years old

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56
Q

Predictions about population growth

A

Further growth in youth population is inevitable (developing world)
Explosive growth rates will be followed by significant slowdown (stabilising b&d rates and development becomes widespread, Stage 5)

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57
Q

Overpopulation

A

situation where the size of a population has overwhelmed the ability of human and natural systems to meet their needs

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58
Q

Reasons for falting population growth in past

A

Poverty, environmental degradation, political instability in 50s-80s led effects to reduce growth rates

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59
Q

Population planning

A

the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population
Population policies/planning can provide greater control of reproduction while others are more authoritative in their approach (one child policy)

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60
Q

tipping point

A

occurs when the human resource extraction exceeds the ability of the natural environment to regenerate and meet future population needs

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61
Q

Fertility spatial patterns

stats, countries and developing and developed nations

A

Highest birth rates are in Africa and SW Africa
Lowest birth rates are in Europe, Australia, NZ, Japan, Canada, USA (high standard of living), peoples material well being increases, tend to have fewer children (exception is China)
China is low due to strict population control policy
Low rates found in Western and European developed countries due to higher standard of education
High rates in Africa due to low standard of education on contraception
Rates of feritliy falling below replacement level for MEDCs

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62
Q

Spatial patterns for mortality

A

Low mortality in Western and European developed countries → high standard f living
High mortality rates in African countries
High rates in countries facing persecution, middle eastern conflict in afghanisation, pakistan, syria, etc

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63
Q

Spatial patterns of life expectancy

A

Diseases developing countries like HIV epidemic set back life expectancy
Global disparities in length of life remain large
LEDCs have lower life expectancy due to prevalence of diseases, access to education that could increase health awareness, high mortality rates, low quality health care,
Access to health care, quality of life in certain nations

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64
Q

Between what years did China have 26.69 million annual births

A

1962-1972

65
Q

Between 1962-1972, how annual births were there for China

A

26.69 million

66
Q

When did the one child policy start and finish

A

Introduced in 1979, phased out in 2015

67
Q

At what year did China;s population reach 800 million

A

1969

68
Q

In 1969, what was china’s populatino

A

800 million

69
Q

Purpose of the one child policy

A

Limit population growth
Bring sustained economic growth, sustainable development
Saify the daily increasing material and cultural demands of the population
Guarantee the fundamental and long term interests of the current generation and their posterity

70
Q

Fuctioning of the one child policy

A

Only applied to ethnic Han chinese living in urban areas
The rich were exempt, could afford to pay fines

71
Q

What are the privledges that couples had

one child policy

A

Birth coupons, monthly financial awards, extended maternity leave increased land allocation, preferential treatment in education, housing and employment, pension benefits

72
Q

if policy not followed, penalties like

one child policy

A

Fines of up to 15% of the family’s income were imposed
Chiind received no free education or health care
No allowances or pension benefits received
Child not registered as a member of the Chinese population

73
Q

Two children were permitted if

A

Parents from ethnic minority
Both parents are children
First child was girl or disabled

74
Q

impacts of the one child policy

demographic

A

Sex ratio 117:100 boys to girls, gender imbalance
High surplus of single men
130 million elderly residents
400 million births estimated prevented
Decreased replacement level fertility
Rate of natural increase declined
By 2017, TFR dropped tp 2.1 from 5 in 1979

75
Q

impacts of the one child policy

social

A

Growing ageing population has not enough support from young population
Increase in abortions of girls, preference for boys over girls, abandonment at birth
Millions of children undocumented, hidden from authorities, face hardships in obtaining education, employment
Forced sterilisations and abortions
Mothers obtained greater freedom to work outside home, acquire skills and training

76
Q

imapacts of the one child policy

economic

A

Shrinking workforce
Inflation, rise in cost for consumers as prices rise due to shortage of factory workers, contributing to high costs of living
Housing market plummeting, low demand, ¼ economic output of China is real estate sector,
Strain on government’s social welfare (pensions) to allocate resources to the rapidly increasing ageing population

77
Q

effects of high fertility and mortalty

social, eocnomic, nvironmental

A
78
Q

impact of one child policy

environmental

A

Overconsumption, pollution, food shortages, overcrowding have slowed
Natural resources per capita diminished

79
Q

Stats on japans popilation decline

A

World’s lowest fertility rate combined with highest life expectancy
TFR is 1.3 in 2021
POpulatino decreasing by 0.17% per year
Life expectancy in 2016, 85 years

80
Q

Causes of japans population decline

social

A

High life expectancy –> improved nutrition, medical technology, less diseases, imporved livin conditions, peace after WW2
Low fertility rate –> below replacement threshold of 2.1 since 1974

81
Q

Stats in Japan

WW2, fertility, life expectancy, mortality

A

Before WW2, average was 54 years for women, 50 or men
Advancement in life expectancy after WW2 translated into a depressed mortality rate until 1980s, mortality increased to 10.1, highest since 1950
Fertiity reached historic low of 1.26 in 2005

82
Q

Causes of population decline in japan

economic

A

less incentive for children –> poor work life balance, increased participation of women in workforce, decline in wages, lifetime employment, high gender pay gaps, small living spaces, high cost of raising a child
Youth face economic insecurity due to lack of regular employment (casualisation of workforce)

83
Q

Casues of populatin decline

culture, marriages, gender roles

A

Later and fewer marriages, higher education, urbanisation, increase in nuclei family households (rather than extended),
Young men in this group are less likely to consider marriage or to be married
Youth postpone or reject marriage and parenthood
Conservative gender roles mean women expected to stay home with children rather than work

84
Q

Stats on japans population decline

economic

A

40% of japan’s labour force is non-regular, part-time and temporary workers
Non-regular employees earn 53% less than regular on monthly basis

85
Q

Stats on japans population decline

marriage, culture

A

1980-2010 → never married population increase 22% to 30%
By 2035, 1 in 4 men will not marry during prime parenthood years

86
Q

Impacts of japans population decline

social

A

Number of japanese people with ages 65+ nearly quadrupled in last 40 years, to 33 million in 2014
Elderly account for 26% of population
Work ethic has increased and intensified for men and women
Less incentives to date marry, have a family

87
Q

impacts of japans population decline

economic

A

Shrinking work force
Rapid growth of middle class
Increased expenditure on health care
Pension system is in strain
This young age groups drives consumer spending, economic growth affected
Reliance on foreign labour

88
Q

stats on economic impacts of japans population decline

economic

A

Health care expediture topped 8% of Japanese GDP for 1st time in fiscal 2020
Health insurance premiums by workers continue to increase, due largely to needs of over 75 years people
Working age population (aged 15-64) expected to rhino by 30 million over five decades to 45.35 million in 2070

89
Q

internal migration

A

the movement of people from one defined area to another within a country

90
Q

international migration

A

the movement of people across international borders for the purpose of settlement

91
Q

voluntary migration

A

the process of migration wherein someone chooses to move

92
Q

forced migration

A

the involuntary or coerced movement of people due to persecution, war, natural disasters

93
Q

features of contemporary population movement

5

A

Globalisation of migration

Increase in the volume of migration in all regions

Growing diversity in the type of migration → most countries with a migrant intake have a mix of immigration categories: labour, refugee, permanent settlement and family reunion

Increasing population of women in all types of migration across all regions → case with labour migration and refugee movements

Movements associated with economic and social change in newly industrialised countries

94
Q

Push factors

migration

A

population pressures, poor infratructure, inadequate job offer, bad educational oppurnties, poor health care, ecological issues, natural disasters, social compulsions, persecution, human rights violations

95
Q

Pull factors

migration

A

improvement in the standard of living
better health care and availability of services
varied employment oppurnties
higher wages
quality of education
no social compulsions
future prospects
familial connections

96
Q

population mvoement wihtin cities

A

manufacturing firms moving indistrial sites from city centre to periphery of urban area
transfer of jobs, people willing to commute from city’s outskirts

97
Q

Suburbanisation

A

People moving from inner urban locations to the expanding suburbs at the city’s outskirts

98
Q

migration corridor

A

hypothetical connection between two places, through which people may or may not migrate

99
Q

brain drain

A

the emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country

100
Q

spatial anaysis of skilled migration

A

more than half of international high skilled migration is South-North
the second most important flow of teriary educated people is North-North:migration among developed countries amounts to almost one third of…

101
Q

remittances

A

When migrants send home part of their earnings in the form of either cash or goods to support their families

102
Q

impacts of brain drain

A

stimulate education, positive ecnomic feedback,

loss of tax revenue for developing countries, shortages in workforce

103
Q

Stats about brain drain

Haiti case study

A

Haiti has highest brain drain rate of all LDC, 83.4%
approx 1/2 Haitians over 65 continue to work –> lack of functining retirement pension system
job oppurnties are low, incentives for higher education
in 2010 (after earthquake), 1/3 remaining high-skilled persons decided to emigrate
57% of employment takes place in informal sector

104
Q

Outcome stats about aus skilled migration program

A

top nations (India, China, UK) account for 44.6% of places
settled 7mil poeple from 1945-2014

105
Q

reason for Aus skilled migration program

A

To attract migrants who make a singificant contribution to the Aus economy and fill posiitons where no austrlaian workers are available

106
Q

structure of aus skilled migration program

A

Delivers 160,000 places
Skilled stream, family stream, special eligibility, child stream
skilled stream has 137,100 places (72% of whole program)

107
Q

Impacts of aus skilled migration program

A

(+) –>boosted skill base and human capital, raised participation rates, economic prospects, supply of skilled workers,
(-) –> skills mismatch, higher underemployment rates, language barriers, discrimination

108
Q

Asylum seeker

definiton and legalisation

A

A person who has left their country seeking protection from persecution, human rights violations in another country
Hasnt been regally recognised as a refugee and is waiting to receive a decision on their aslyum claim
Seeking asylum is a human right, as everyone hshould be allwoed to enter another country to seek asylum

109
Q

Refugee

refugee and legalisation

A

A person who has fled their own coutnry becaue they are at risk of serious human rights violations and persecution.
Have gained offical legal satus and reconginitoin by a destination country who is now responsible for safety and protection

110
Q

internall displaced person (IDP)

A

forced to flee their home wihtin their own country

111
Q

Similarities and differences between asylum seekers and refugees

A

Similarities: well-founded fear of persecution, not choice to return home, must travel across national and international borders
Differeces: asylum seekers are actively seeking for the right to be regonised and protected under legal status
Refugees can be denied asylum but still be a refugee

112
Q

Syrian refugee crisis

Causes

A

Poltical tension, unrest, proceeding conflict between different political groups in Syria, violations of human rights

113
Q

Syrian refugee crisis

Impacts, many stats

A

600,000 approx people killed
Food, medical care, education and policing services are sparse and depleted
More than 6.3 million people internally displaced
Estimated half of nation’s pre war 22 million have fled the country
Destination countries: Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt –> economic strains on nations networks of servcies, housing
more developing countries taking in refugees, dispropotrionality
estimated 5.7 million in refugee camps

114
Q

Overview of Syrian refugee crisis

stats

A

Began in 2011
Largest refugee crsis in the world
70% need humanitarian assistance
90% live below poverty line
Result of violent governmemt crackdown

115
Q

Internal migration in Austrlalia

trends

A

15% of population changing adresses in 2015
declined since 1990s
ageing population –> less likely to move
dual income households –> difficult to relocate
Housing affordability –> longer parental home locating
maturation of Aus space economy ->long distnce moves les attractive

116
Q

Connections regardless of distance

internal migration in aus

A

developments in commications and trasnprot technologies allow easy intereactions with Northern hemisphere centres of business and culture regardless of distance

117
Q

Suburbia

internal migration in aus

A

During 60s-80s, suburban lifestyle of single, detached homes become attractive ratehr than inner city lifetyle
90s, suburbanisation increased, demand for high rise appartments located near central business districts or major public transport nodes provide atracive benenfits of inner city living

118
Q

Redeveloping land

internal migration in aus

A

urban infill: development of land in previously developed areas throug building housing on vacant land or land of non-residential uses
replacing low density housing wih hgih density dwellings
common on transport corridors and commercial centres in suburbs
= urban consolidation

119
Q

Rural urban migration, abandoning bush

internal migration in aus, stat

A

Share of population living rural areas delcining
In 20th centuary 14% of world population lived in urban places

120
Q

Cultural geography

A

investigates the demogrpahics, religions, cultural norms, behaviour and traditions of different groups from around the world

121
Q

Cultural intergration

A

the adoption of the essence of anoher culture, while maintaing ones own culture

122
Q

Culture

A

the arts and manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively

123
Q

mass consumer culture

A

a lifestyle hyper-focused spending money to buy material goods

124
Q

Diffusion

A

the spreading of something more widely

125
Q

Adaption

A

the process of making something suitable for a new use or purpose

126
Q

Adoption

A

the process of choosing o take up, follow or use

127
Q

Technology change

A

the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion technology or processes.

128
Q

TNCs

A

a company that operates in two or more countries

transnational corporation

129
Q

global media network

A

the worldwide systems, networks and corporations that facilities the interactions of people and places through traditional and new media

130
Q

cultural imperialism

A

the exercise of domination in cultural relationship in which the values, practices, and meanings of powerful foreign culture are imposed upon or more native countries

131
Q

actions of governments

A

the intervention by a government

132
Q

homogenised landscapes

A

the increasing similarities between towns and ciies regardless of geographical location

133
Q

economic dependance

A

Where each nation and their eocnomics are depdnent on other nations for products and goods

134
Q

Cultural diversity

A

the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

135
Q

Cultural soverignty

A

the control of one’s own culture

136
Q

Shrinking time/space

A

result of technological innovations driven by the global expansion of capital that condense or elide spatial and temporal distances

137
Q

globalisation

definiton, thorugh…

A

the diffusion of manufacturing, services markts, culture, lifestyle, captial, technology, ideas across mational boundaries and around the world
establishes throug trade, politices and cultural exchnaged, helped by technology and transport

138
Q

dominant culture

example

A

a cultural practice that is dominan within a given society
E.g. English as linga franca, patriarchy,

139
Q

High/elite culture

example

A

a subculture of priveldged groups of society
e.g. runway fashion shows, sports cars, birkin bag

140
Q

pop culture

example

A

patterns of cultural experineces and attitudes that exist in mainstream society
e.g. concerts, tv shows, music artists

141
Q

subculture

example

A

A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture
e.g. hipsters, emos, queer culture,

142
Q

cultural appopriation

example

A

the unacknowledged or inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas, etc. of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society.
e.g. Kendall Jenner’s appropriation of mexican workers in her tequila 818 brand

143
Q

cultural assimilation

example

A

The process by which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society’s majority group or culture by fully or partially adopting their values, behaviours and beliefs
e.g. Stolen generation

144
Q

cultural diversty

example

A

e.g. one in three Australians are born overseas
e.g. Sydney’s use of Chinatown to celebrate and promote cultures
e.g. casts of modern tv shows showing diverse ethnicities and cultures

145
Q

cultural authority

example

A

Refers to the people who have significant influence and control over a specific culture.
e.g. Taliban influence of culture in Afghanistan, mandatory ear of burqa

146
Q

trade liberalisation

A

Reduction in costs of trade, ability to move goods and ervices rapidly
Caused by growth of international movement of goods and services and emergence of global economy
utilisation of quotas, tariffs, exchnage controls

147
Q

quotas, tariffs, exchange contorls

A

quotas; max or min amounts of a poduct a business is allwed to produce
tariffs; nominal and effective rates of protectin
exchange contorls; government restrictions on the movement of currencies between countries

148
Q

globalisation impacts on cultural intergration

A

Facilitates the exchange of ideas, values practices
Increased cultural understanding and appreciation
More connection on a global scale, being physical disconnected from heritage and culture still means you can be virtually connected
Reduced erosion of culture
A domant culture that is taking over media

149
Q

Diffusion, adaption, adoption

food, fashion

A

Mcdonaldism, fast fashion

150
Q

Stats on mcdonalds

A

By 2016, in more than 36900 outlets in over 119 counteies.
Everyday 69 million people served worldwide

151
Q

Stats on fast fashion

A

93% of brands aren’t paying garment workers a living wage
There are 92 million tons of clothes-related waste each year, which produces half a million tons of microplastics.
Companies such as Zara, H & M are constantly emphasizing fast fashion and bringing new designs to the market.
culture of instant gratification is our modern societies
#sheinhaul has 2.6 billion views on Tik Tok

152
Q

Factors affecting cultural intergration

examples, 6

A

global economy –> relies on technology and networks, interconnection of economies e.g. post WW2 high growth affected other economies
technology change –> interaction between cultures e.g. online shopping
TNCs –> spread culture thorugh cheap international marketing of goods e.g. coke ads
Trade liberalisation –> easier for countries to exchange goods, share cultures
Global media –> influential promoter of cultures e.g. celebrity cultures on social media
Cultural imperialism –> cultures are widespread and pervasive, intermingle with other cultures e.g. Mcdonalds
Actions of government–> promote or demote certain cultures, multicultralism, e.g. Lebanon banning barbie

153
Q

Impacts of cultural intergration

homgenised landscapes, 2 examples

A

global pattern of hotels and transport
Hotels: composition of room same around the world
Public transport: trains, buses, bikes, used widespread –> London Underground, Sydney Metro, New York Subway

154
Q

Impacts of cultural intergration

Economic dominance and dependance, 2 examples

A

World cities power over smaller or less developed cities
Agriculture: power of corporations over workers in developing countries, reap benefits
Apps: digital access to services, rise to consumption of goods, technology not frequent in developing world

155
Q

Impacts of cultural intergration

threats to cultural diversity/soverinity, two examples

A

Hollywoodisation: beauty standards set upon world that trascend culture of beauty, romance, youth, controls 70% of film cntent seen in other countries
Palestine: ban of beauty salons, backlash of westernised cultures

156
Q

Impacts of cultural intergration

Shrinking time/space, two examples

A

Online shopping–> mass consumer culture more accessible in 2 days, connected to retailers globally
Mobile phone –> talk to people in other countries in a matter of seconds

157
Q

Influences of cultural intergration for Mentawai people

A

colonisation by the Dutch, maintream education, modernisation, actions of government,

158
Q

effects of cultural intergration on mentawai people

A

loss of culture and ancestry, isolation, poverty, high rates of unemployment, loss of land to deforestation

Geography (12 decks)

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