ENTREP- CHAPTER 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Changing Environments

From the _____________ the vast majority of nurses were employed by institutions, usually acute care hospitals. However, many nurses became disenchanted with the restrictions of institutional work, dissatisfied with workplace conditions, and disillusioned with the lack of autonomy given to the profession. They began to actively seek other ways to exert control over their work life.

A

1940s-1970s

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2
Q

Changing Environments

By the ___________, some nurses became the owners of agencies that
served nurses in this way, using their professional aspirations
in order to create a social enterprise that benefited nurses and
their patients.

A

1980s

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3
Q

Changing Environments

Most _____________________ were simply focusing on the patient as someone with a disease process that needed to be treated and released, failing to see the patient as a person with a family in a given social environment.

A

health care systems

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4
Q

Changing Environments

In response to these types of unmet patient needs, _______________ set up mental health counselling centres, clinics
in rural areas, adult day care centres for Alzheimer’s patients, occupational health programmes for mineworkers, and free
clinics for the homeless.

A

nurse entrepreneurs

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5
Q

The time is now!

In a world of _________________ and ___________________ interdependent national interests and trade agreements, the situation in which nurses live and work has changed dramatically.

A

global economic, technological change

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6
Q

The time is now!

At present, ___________ have many career choices, many of which can be more remunerative than nursing. For the profession to attract and retain the best and the brightest people, it must
provide economically attractive and satisfying positions.

A

women

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7
Q

The time is now!

can help generate those positions, and
promote the establishment of flexible, autonomous workplaces where nurses can be satisfactorily compensated.

A

Nurse entrepreneurs

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8
Q

The time is now! 2

has taken the position that entrepreneurship is a driver for economic
growth, competitiveness and job creation

A

European Commission

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9
Q

The time is now! 2

spearheads the work of International
Labour Organization’s ln Focus Programme on Boosting Employment Through Small Enterprise Development (SEED) in the field of female enterprise.

A

Women’s Entrepreneurship
Development and Gender
Equality (WEDGE)

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10
Q

The time is now! 2

publishes a “SME (Small and Medium
Enterprise) and Entrepreneurship
Outlook” on a regular basis (OECD 2006).

A

Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD)

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11
Q

The time is now! 2

published “Strategic Framework for Women’s Enterprise: Sharing the vision of a collaborative approach to increasing female entrepreneurship (DTI 2006).

A

Department of Trade and Industry
Small Business Service

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12
Q

The time is now! 2

  • Patient populations poorly served by the existing system;
  • Greater emphasis on health status of communities;
  • Increased use of ‘outsourced’ services by organizations;
  • Transformation of licensure laws and professional scopes of practice;
  • Workforce redesign and the displacement of nurses;
  • Changing attitudes about the nursing profession;
  • Dissatisfaction of nurses with changes imposed by employers;
  • Direct reimbursement for some nursing services;
  • Significant strides in positioning nurses as providers of health
    services;
  • Increasing percentage of woman-owned businesses; and
  • New technologies facilitating small, home-based businesses.
A

According to White and Begun (1998), some of the forces that provided the impetus for innovative roles include: The rise of the ‘knowledge worker’

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13
Q

The time is now! 2

  • An economic crisis that favored decentralization and implementation of innovative cost-effective approaches, including entrepreneurship
  • World focus on privatization
  • Liberalization of trade in services, including international (e.g. regional trade blocs, international trade agreements)
  • Facilities for entrepreneurial projects, i.e. information networks, legislation, public expectations, credit access (especially for
    women);
  • Changes in societal perceptions of authority;
  • Higher level of basic education and easier access to further
    education;
    -Increased consumer awareness and changing demands, including
    in health matters;
  • Women’s new assertiveness in all parts of society;
  • Greater diversity in women’s roles;
  • Chronic dissatisfaction of nurses due to poor public image, unsatisfactory working conditions, inadequate decision-making
    authority, inability to put into practice the knowledge and competencies acquired;
  • Growing unemployment, underemployment and casualization of
    nurses;
  • Movement of patients with high acuity needs to non-traditional
    settings;
  • Changing health needs of populations that were not adequately being met by the health services: e.g. elderly, AIDS patients,
    chronically ill, de-institutionalized mental patients;
  • Greater emphasis on health promotion, illness and accident
    prevention, rehabilitation and support services;
  • Significant advances in nursing knowledge;
  • Wider prescriptive referral rights;
    Direct laboratory access; and
  • Increasing number of mutual recognition agreements.
A

Kingma (1998) Importance among social and economic factors are:

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14
Q

Scope of Entrepreneurial Practice

  • involves nurses owning and selling, for
    example, the following products and/or services:
  • nursing services;
  • development, assessment and sale of health care products and devices; legal services;
  • health care/policy consultation; and
  • health care/policy publications.
A

Nursing entrepreneurship

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15
Q

Scope of entrepreneurial practice

are found in all three economic systems:
market driven, mixed and even the public
sector.

A

Nurse entrepreneurs

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16
Q

Scope of entrepreneurial practice:

for example, ________________ within the health systems have been allowed to practice as independent entrepreneurs many decades already. And there is a growing trend of independent practice
being purchased by the public sector and funded by monies. thus promoting the development of entrepreneurship in a public health System.

A

nurse midwives

17
Q

Prevalence

is difficult to obtain and compare, as different definitions are used. In some cases, private duty nurses are included. in others they are not. In certain countries, nurses owning businesses and employing staff are no longer considered nurses and cannot be identified as such in the statistical data, In general. however. it appears that 0.5% - 1% Of working nurses are nurse entrepreneurs.

A

Statistical data on nurse entrepreneurs

18
Q

Prevalence

Statistical data on the prevalence of nurse entrepreneurs are available only in ________________________________________.
In countries with no record of how many nurses are employed or in active practice,
there will be no way of determining the percentage of entrepreneurs.

A

countries or regions that register their nursing personnel in a consistent manner.

19
Q

Prevalence

In some countries with no authorized nursing council, independent or
self-employed nurses must register with the ________________ , a practice that
provides planners with an estimate of the supply and distribution of nurse
entrepreneurs.

A

Ministry of Health

20
Q

Gender

The fact that _____________ is still predominately a female profession is one of the reasons that barriers to entrepreneurial practice are so pervasive.

A

nursing

21
Q

Gender

The _________________________research indicates that the relative value and degree of remuneration attributed to a certain occupation still seems to be
influenced by the predominance of women in that occupation.

A

International Labour Organization

22
Q

Gender

In fact, comparable worth studies have shown that, on average, female dominated
jobs are paid _______ than male jobs which require comparable levels of skills, effort and responsibility (ILO 1992).

A

15% less

23
Q

Gender

As more __________ undertake professional roles previously limited to men, attitudes
are beginning to change.

A

women

24
Q

Gender

_______________________ are more accepting of nurse lobbying for inclusion in
the national health reimbursement system, and probably not only because of the growing number of women legislators.

A

Legislators and policy makers

25
Q

Gender

The ___________ and ___________________ of women business owners are an established support network for nurse entrepreneurs.

A

national, international organizations