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Abdominal Ultrasound > The Spleen > Flashcards

The Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

The main function of the spleen is to filter _______ blood.

A

peripheral

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2
Q

The spleen plays an important role in the body’s defense against ______.

A

disease

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3
Q

The spleen lies in the left __________ or in the ____.

A

hypochondrium, LUQ

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4
Q

The spleen is an ___________ organ.

A

intraperitoneal

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5
Q

The spleen is covered entirely in _________ except for small area at its hilum.

A

peritoneum

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6
Q

The spleen is variable in _____ and _______.

A

size and shape

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7
Q

The normal measurements of the spleen for an average adult are _____ long x _____ wide x ______ AP.

A

8-13 cm long x 7 cm wide x 3-4 cm AP

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8
Q

The enlargement of the spleen is called:

A

splenomegaly

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9
Q

Splenomegaly is when the length of the spleen exceeds ______.

A

13 cm

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10
Q

The splenic artery branches into ____ smaller arteries.

A

six

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11
Q

The splenic arteries are subject to ______.

A

infarction

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12
Q

Infarction is an interruption in the ____ supply that may lead to ______ of the area.

A

blood, necrosis

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13
Q

There are ________ and ______ that travel along the course of the splenic artery.

A

lymph vessels and nerves

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14
Q

The splenic vein joins the ____ to create the portal vein.

A

SMV

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15
Q

The SMV returns _______ blood from the bowel.

A

unoxygenated

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16
Q

The splenic vein travels along the _________ border of the pancreas.

A

posteriomedial

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17
Q

The diaphragm, left pleura of left lung, and ribs 8-11 are _______ to the spleen.

A

posterior

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18
Q

The stomach and lesser sac are ________ to the spleen.

A

medial

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19
Q

The fundus of the stomach may contain ____ or _____.

A

gas or fluid

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20
Q

If the stomach is fluid filled, the stomach may serve as a great window for the _____ of the ______.

A

tail of the pancreas

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21
Q

The left kidney lies ____ and _____ to the spleen.

A

inferior and medial

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22
Q

The _____ properties of the spleen allow it to distend as blood fills the venous sinus.

A

elastic

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23
Q

Within the lobules of the spleen are tissues called:

A

pulp

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24
Q

Two components of pulp are the:

A

red and white pulp

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25
Q

The white pulp consists of _______ corpuscles scattered throughout the spleen.

A

Malpighian

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26
Q

Malphighian corpuscles are referred to as:

A

lymphoid tissue

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27
Q

The white pulp contains a large number of _______.

A

lymphocytes

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28
Q

The function of white pulp is to help defend the body against:

A

infections

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29
Q

Red pulp contains capillaries that are _____.

A

permeable

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30
Q

Older, fragile red blood cells may rupture as the pass through capillaries which results in cellular debris being removed by _________ __________.

A

phagocytic macrophages

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31
Q

Phagocytic macrophages are located within the splenic _______.

A

sinuses

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32
Q

_______ also engulf and destroy foreign particles, such as bacteria, that may be carried in the blood as it flows through the sinuses.

A

Macrophages

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33
Q

The spleen is part of the ______________ system.

A

reticuloendothelial

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34
Q

The spleen produces _____ and ______ cells.

A

lymphocytes and plasma

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35
Q

The spleen aids in creation of ________.

A

antibodies

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36
Q

The spleen stores _____ and other _______.

A

iron and other metabolites

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37
Q

The spleen is a _____ reservoir.

A

blood

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38
Q

______ is the process by which the spleen removes abnormal RBCs.

A

Culling

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39
Q

______ is the process of removing the nuclei from the RBCs.

A

Pitting

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40
Q

The spleen disposes abnormal ______.

A

erthyrocytes

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41
Q

The spleen has functions related to ______ and ______ lifespan.

A

platelet and leukocyte

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42
Q

The spleen contains ___-___ mL of RBCs.

A

20-30

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43
Q

______ indicates the percentage of RBCs per volume of blood.

A

Hematocrit

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44
Q

Abnormally low hematocrit indicates _____ or _______ bleeding within the body.

A

hemorrhage or internal

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45
Q

______ indicates the presence of bacteria within the body.

A

Bacteremia

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46
Q

The term ______ indicates bacteria in the bloodstream.

A

sepsis

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47
Q

_______ is an abnormal decrease in platelets.

A

Thrombocytopenia

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48
Q

_______ is the increase in white cells present in the blood.

A

Leukocytosis

49
Q

Leukocytosis is a typical finding of an _____.

A

infection

50
Q

______ is the abnormal decrease in white blood cells.

A

Leukopenia

51
Q

The normal parenchyma texture has a fine uniform homogeneous ___ to ___ level echo pattern.

A

mid to low

52
Q

The spleen has a similar texture of the _______.

A

liver

53
Q

The splenic echotexture is considered _____ echogenic than the liver.

A

more

54
Q

As the spleen enlarges, the echogenicity ______ further.

A

increases

55
Q

The nonvisualization of the spleen may indicate _____.

A

atrophy

56
Q

Chronic hemolytic anemias are known as ______ _____ ________.

A

sickle cell anemia

57
Q

Sickle cell anemia can result in an ______ spleen.

A

atrophic

58
Q

Advanced atrophy of the spleen is:

A

autosplenectomy

59
Q

The complete absence of the spleen is called:

A

splenic agenesis

60
Q

Splenic agenesis may occur as part of a _______ abnormality.

A

congential

61
Q

Two morphologic right lungs, midline location of the liver, reversed position of aorta and IVC, horseshoe kidneys are known as ___________.

A

bilateral right sideness

62
Q

Condition in which there is more than one spleen:

A

polysplenia

63
Q

Two morphologic left lungs, biliary atresia, absence of gallbladder, GI malrotation, cardiovascular abnormalities are known as ________.

A

bilateral left sideness

64
Q

Anomalous placement of organs or major blood vessels:

A

visceral heterotaxis

65
Q

normal arrangement of asymmetric body parts:

A

situs solitus

66
Q

mirror image condition

A

situs inversus

67
Q

describes anatomy that falls in between situs solitus and inversus:

A

situs ambiguous

68
Q

An accessory spleen may be found in up to ___% of patients.

A

30

69
Q

An accessory spleen appears as a _______ pattern similar to that of the spleen.

A

homogeneous

70
Q

An accessory spleen is usually found near the _____ or _____ border.

A

hilum or inferior

71
Q

An accessory spleen results from the failure of fusion of separate splenic masses during ________.

A

fetal development

72
Q

A spleen that has migrated from its normal location in the LUQ:

A

wandering spleen

73
Q

A wandering spleen results from an _______ anomaly when the spleen is without one or more of its supporting _________.

A

embryonic, ligaments

74
Q

Symptoms of a wandering spleen may include an abdominal or pelvic mass, intermittent pain, and ________ (splenic torsion)

A

volvulus

75
Q

Most common disease process encountered by sonographers when evaluating the spleen:

A

splenomegaly

76
Q

Causes of splenomegaly include: ______ (new growth), ______disease, _______ (bacteria), _______ anemia, ________ hematopoiesis, ______ (accident), portal _________, liver _________, _________ (cancer of lymphatic system)

A

neoplasm, storage disease, infection, hemolytic anemia, extramedullary hematopoiesis, trauma, portal hypertension, liver disease, lymphoma

77
Q

Occurs in response to or as a result of a diffuse enlargement of the spleen:

A

congestion of the spleen

78
Q

Congestion of the spleen involves splenic ______ enlargement

A

vascular

79
Q

Congestion of the spleen is most commonly caused by various forms of ______ of the liver.

A

Cirrhosis

80
Q

A disease that occurs when amyloid proteins build up in the spleen:

A

amyloidosis

81
Q

an abnormal protein usually produced by cells in the bone marrow that can be deposited in any tissue or organ:

A

amyloid

82
Q

In amyloidosis, the spleen may be normal in size or _______.

A

enlarged

83
Q

There are two types of spleen involvements in amyloidosis:

A

nodular and diffuse

84
Q

Hereditary form of anemia when the RBC’s are misshapen:

A

sickle cell anemia

85
Q

In the early stages of sickle cell anemia, the spleen is ________.

A

enlarged

86
Q

In the advanced stages of sickle cell, the tissue degenerates itself known as:

A

autosplenectomy

87
Q

Focal disease can be caused by non-traumatic events: _____ (growth), _____ (blood supply loss), _____ (infection), _____ (fluid-filled)

A

tumor, infarction, abscess, cyst

88
Q

An uncommon condition that is caused by infection that is spread from either distant spaces in the abdomen or an inflammatory process that extends directly from adjacent organs:

A

splenic abscess

89
Q

The sonographic appearance of a splenic abscess include ______ cystic to _____ echo pattern.

A

simple, mixed

90
Q

The sonographic appearance of a splenic abscess include ______, ill-defined borders, _____ (enlarged spleen), lesion may be _____ often with _______ foci that represents debris or gas

A

irregular, splenomegaly, hypoechoic, hyperechoic

91
Q

Splenic infections present with _____ (enlarged spleen), and appear with _______ masses within the spleen, the “_____________” pattern, a central ______ area, _______ (hypoechoic rim with a echogenic central core), hypoechoic/_______ nodule

A

splenomegaly, irregular, wheels within wheels, hypoechoic, Bull’s eye, hyperechoic

92
Q

A splenic infarct most commonly caused by the occlusion of the major ____________.

A

splenic artery

93
Q

Splenic infarct usually results from ______ that arise from the heart produced from thrombosis or vegetation due to endocarditis.

A

emboli

94
Q

The sonographic appearance of a splenic infarct is a _____ echo.

A

Hypoechoic

95
Q

Healed infarctions appear as echogenic, _______-shaped lesions.

A

wedge

96
Q

Chronic infarction may contain __________.

A

calcifications

97
Q

Splenic trauma most commonly occurs due to blunt _____ trauma.

A

abdominal

98
Q

Intraparenchymal or subcapsular hematomas occur when the capsule remains ______.

A

intact

99
Q

Focal or free intraperitoneal hematomas occur when the capsule ____.

A

ruptures

100
Q

These four quadrants are examined in an emergent protocol:

A
  1. Morison’s pouch
  2. Subdiaphragmatic areas
  3. liver and splenic capsule
  4. Bladder and anterior rectal area
101
Q

The entire emergent protocol should take less than ______.

A

5 minutes

102
Q

A lacerated spleen appears with ________ (enlarged spleen), _____ splenic borders, ______ (blood filled), ________ and ________ fluid collections, free __________ blood, left _______ effusion.

A

splenomegaly, irregular, hematoma, subcapsular and pericapsular, free fluid collections, free intraperitoneal blood, and left pleural effusion

103
Q

Fresh hemorrhage may appear ______.

A

hypoechoic

104
Q

Older hemorrhage may appear ______.

A

hyperechoic

105
Q

Splenic cysts may be classified as _____ or _______ in origin.

A

parasitic or nonparasitic

106
Q

Most splenic cysts are secondary cysts caused by _____ (accident), _______ (bacteria), or _______ (lack of blood supply).

A

trauma, infection, infarction

107
Q

_______ is the only parasite that forms splenic cysts.

A

Echinococcus

108
Q

The sonographic appearance of splenic cysts are anechoic lesions with possible _______ cells and _________.

A

daughter cells, calcification

109
Q

Splenic cysts may be _____ masses with fine ______ echoes and poor distal _______.

A

solid, internal, enhancement

110
Q

Becomes symptomatic when size of the spleen increases and compresses other organs:

A

splenic cavernous hemangioma

111
Q

Sonographic appearance of splenic cavernous hemangioma is usually an _______, ________ (echotexture), echogenic mass with multiple small _______ areas.

A

isolated, heterogeneous, hypoechoic

112
Q

Splenic cavernous hemangioma has a variable appearance from ____-defined echogenic appearance to a _____ mixed pattern.

A

well, complex

113
Q

Benign malformation of lymphatic vessels, consisting of endothelium-line cystic spaces:

A

Cystic lymphangioma

114
Q

The sonographic appearance of cystic lymphangioma appears as a mass with _______ cystic replacement of splenic parenchyma.

A

extensive

115
Q

Cystic lymphangioma may have a multi-______ appearance.

A

cystic

116
Q

Metastasis of the spleen is the _____ most common site for metastatic disease.

A

10th

117
Q

Patients may be _______ with spleen metastasis.

A

asymptomatic

118
Q

The sonographic appearance of splenic metastasis is variable and can have ______ diffuse lesions seen throughout.

A

multiple

Abdominal Ultrasound (3 decks)

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