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AP PSYCH > U5: Cognitive (13-17%) > Flashcards

U5: Cognitive (13-17%) Flashcards

1
Q

define ACHIEVEMENT TEST

A

test to assess what taker has learned

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2
Q

define APTITUDE TESTS

A

test to predict future performance/capacity to learn

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3
Q

define CONTENT VALIDITY

A

extent which test samples behavior being studied

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4
Q

define DOWN SYNDROME

A

mild to severe intellectual disability & associated physical disorders because of extra 21st chromosome

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5
Q

define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

A

ability to perceive, understand, manage, & use emotions

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6
Q

define FACTOR ANALYSIS

A

stats procedure to identify clusters of related items & different dimensions of performance leading to person’s score on test

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7
Q

define GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

A

factor underlying mental abilities & measured by every task on intelligence test

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8
Q

define INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

A

limited mental ability w/IQ score of less than 70 and difficulty adapting to life

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9
Q

define INTELLIGENCE

A

mental quality of ability to learn, problem solve, & adapt based on knowledge

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10
Q

define INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT

A

scores to relative performance either below or above average of 100 for age group

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11
Q

what is the formula for IQ

A

(score/age) x 100

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12
Q

define INTELLIGENCE TEST

A

test to assess mental aptitude and compare w/others numerically

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13
Q

define MENTAL AGE

A

chronological age typically corresponding to level of performance

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14
Q

define NORMAL CURVE

A

symmetrical bell-shaped curve where most data is near the mean

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15
Q

define PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

A

success test predicts behavior designed to assess by computing correlation between scores and criterion behavior

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16
Q

aka: criterion-related validity

A

predictive validity

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17
Q

define RELIABILITY

A

how well test yields consistent results by consistency of scores on 2 halves of test/alternative forms of test/retesting

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18
Q

define SAVANT SYNDROME

A

condition where person w/limited mental ability has exceptional, specifical skill

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19
Q

define STANFORD-BINET

A

widely popular American revision of Binet’s intelligence test

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20
Q

define STEREOTYPE THREAT

A

self-confirming concern someone will be evaluated based on negative stereotype

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21
Q

define VALIDITY

A

extent test measures/predicts accurately

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22
Q

define WAIS

A

most popular intelligence test w/verbal & nonverbal subtest

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23
Q

what does WAIS stand for

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

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24
Q

what is the gen value for standard deviation

A

15

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25
Q

describe spearman’s general intelligence theory

A

there is 1 intelligence and g factor predicts ability & intelligence

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26
Q

what is the con to spearman’s intelligence theory

A

human abilities too diverse to narrow to g factor

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27
Q

what are the cons to Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory

A

is it intelligence or talent?

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28
Q

define Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory

A

there are 8 intelligences

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29
Q

what are the 8 intelligences of Gardner’s multiple intelligence

A

naturalist, linguistic, spatial, body-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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30
Q

aka: sternberg’s 3 intelligence theory

A

triarchic theory

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31
Q

what are the three intelligences of sternberg’s theory

A

analytical, creative, practical

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32
Q

what is the pro of gardner’s intelligence theory

A

demonstrates intelligence more than verbal and math

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33
Q

define analytical intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory

A

academic & problem solving, convergent thinking

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34
Q

define creative intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory

A

innovative & adaptable, divergent thinking

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35
Q

define practical intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory

A

everyday tasks poorly defined, “street smarts”

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36
Q

what is the pro of sternberg’s theory

A

it can be reliably measured

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37
Q

what is the con of sternberg’s theory

A

may share underlying g factor and require additional testing to predict success

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38
Q

define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE

A

accumulated knowledge & skills

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39
Q

define FLUID INTELLIGENCE

A

reason speedily & abstractly

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40
Q

what is the pro of thurstone’s theory

A

informative

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41
Q

what is the con of thurstone’s theory

A

tendency to cluster showing underlying g factor

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42
Q

how many factors are in thurstone’s theory

A

7

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43
Q

what are the factors of thurstone’s theory

A

word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory

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44
Q

define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

A

think about and use emotions to improve decision making and social situations

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45
Q

what are some components/factors of anatomy that can lead to intelligence

A
  • ample gray & white matter
  • some lobes larger than other
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46
Q

define SHARED ENVIRONMENT

A

environmental factors experienced by all relevant members of family

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47
Q

define NONSHARED ENVIRONMENT

A

environmental factors not experienced by members of family

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48
Q

define STANDARDIZED TESTING

A

uniform testing to get general idea of population

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49
Q

define FLYNN EFFECT

A

increase in fluid and crystallized intelligence over generations

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50
Q

define STEREOTYPE THREAT

A

self-confirming concern they will be evaluated based on negative stereotype

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51
Q

list the order of range of intelligence

A
  • intellectual disability
  • average intelligence
  • genius
  • AI
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52
Q

what are the types of intellectual demands

A

conceptual, social, & practical

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53
Q

define conceptual skills in relation to intellectual demands

A

language, literacy, concepts/time

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54
Q

define social skills in relation to intellectual demands

A

interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and follow basic rules

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55
Q

define practical skills in relation to intellectual demands

A

daily personal care, occupational skills, travel, and healthcare

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56
Q

list some examples of intellectual disability

A

autism, down syndrome, apert syndrome, FASD

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57
Q

define PRODIGY

A

person of normal intelligence w/extraordinary talent

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58
Q

define ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

A

any artificial system capable of human-like solving/intelligent response

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59
Q

define MEMORY

A

learning over time thru encoding, storage, and retrieval

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60
Q

define RECALL

A

retrieve info w/o external cues

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61
Q

define RECOGNITION

A

measure of memory where person identifies items previously learned

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62
Q

define RELEARNING

A

assess amount of time saved when relearning material

63
Q

what are the parts of the information processing model

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

64
Q

what are the components of the 3 stage processing model

A

sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory, working memory

65
Q

define WORKING MEMORY

A

short term memory pulling from both long and short term memory to deal w/present and facilitates memory as a whole

66
Q

define SENSORY MEMORY

A

immediate brief recording of senses

67
Q

describe how the 3 stage processing model work

A

external info is picked up by sensory memory, info moves to working memory, info is moved to shorted term, then long term

68
Q

describe the attention model

A

auditory info, visual info, and long term memory feed into central executive which then acts back on them

69
Q

define EXPLICIT MEMORY

A

facts & experiences memorized that can be declared

70
Q

aka: explicit memory

A

declarative memory

71
Q

aka: implicit memory

A

non-declarative memory

72
Q

define IMPLICT MEMORY

A

learned skills/classically conditioned associations

73
Q

define ICONIC MEMORY

A

momentary sensory visual memory

74
Q

define ECHOIC MEMORY

A

momentary auditory memory

75
Q

define EFFORTFUL PROCESSING

A

encoding needs attention and effort

76
Q

define AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

A

unconscious encoding of space, time, and frequency

77
Q

define MEMORY CONSOLIDATION

A

process of moving short-term to long term during sleep

78
Q

what are effortful processing methods

A

chunking, mnemonics, testing effect, spacing effect, hiearchy

79
Q

define CHUNKING

A

grouping of items to remember

80
Q

define MNEMONICS

A

memory aids

81
Q

define TESTING EFFECT

A

memory is enhanced after retrieving

82
Q

define HIEARCHY

A

broad concepts are subdivided into narrower facts

83
Q

define SPACING EFFECT

A

long term study is better than cramming

84
Q

define SHALLOW PROCESSING

A

encoding on basic levels based on appearance and structure

85
Q

define DEEP PROCESSING

A

encoding by meaning for best retention

86
Q

define SELF-REFERENCE

A

most ppl excel at personally relevant info memorizations

87
Q

what are the 2 types of prospective memory

A

event-based and time-based

88
Q

define EVENT-BASED MEMORY

A

remember to do actions when events happen

89
Q

define TIME-BASED MEMORY

A

remembrance triggered by time cues

90
Q

components of explicit memory?

A

semantic and episodic memory

91
Q

define SEMANTIC MEMORY

A

memories of gen knowledge/facts

92
Q

define EPISODIC MEMORY

A

personal experience and events

93
Q

what are the parts of the brain involved with explicit memroy

A

frontal lobe and hippocampus

94
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory

A

left prefrontal cortex

95
Q

what is the “loading dock” for memory

A

hippocampus

96
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory

A

right prefrontal cortex

97
Q

describe IMPLICIT MEMORY

A

unconscious memory that uses evolutionarily older parts of the brain

98
Q

what are the parts of the brain involved in implicit memory?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

99
Q

define AMYGDALA

A

component of limbic system involved in emotion, especially fear and anger

100
Q

define FLASHBULB MEMORY

A

clear, sustained memory of emotionally significant event

101
Q

define LONG TERM POTENTIATION

A

increase in neuron firing causing efficient neuron firing which enhances memory

102
Q

define ENCODING SPECIFICITY

A

cues and context of when memory first formed makes you more likely to remember when presented w/same cues

103
Q

define STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING

A

memories formed in specific mood/state will be easier to remember when in same state

104
Q

define RETRIEVAL FAILURE

A

struggling to remember

105
Q

define SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

A

information at beginning and end will most likely to be remembered

106
Q

define PRIMACY EFFECT

A

most likely to remember info at the beginning

107
Q

define RECENCY EFFECT

A

most likely to remember info at end

108
Q

define FALSE POSITIVE

A

recognition error where we think we recognize something not in our memory

109
Q

aka: deja vu

A

false positive

110
Q

define MISINFORMATION EFFECT

A

tendency of misleading info given after incident to alter memory

111
Q

list reasons for retrieval failure

A
  • never encoded
  • memory decays
  • brain can’t find it in memory
112
Q

what are the components of interference theory

A

proactive interference & retroactive interference

113
Q

define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

old info interferes w/remembering new info

114
Q

define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

A

new info interferes w/remembering old info

115
Q

define COGNITION

A

mental activity in brain when organizing and understanding info and communicating w/others

116
Q

what are the components of cognition

A

thinking, memory, language, creativity, and problem solving

117
Q

define CONCEPT

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

118
Q

define PROTOTYPE

A

mental image/best example of idea/category

119
Q

define CREATIVITY

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

120
Q

define MENTAL SYNTHESIS THEORY

A

multiple neuronal ensembles firing together to create new mental images/ideas/concepts

121
Q

define NEURONAL ENSEMBLE

A

connection of neurons that create mental concepts

122
Q

define DIVERGENT THINKING

A

one point leads to multiple possibilities

123
Q

define CONVERGENT THINKING

A

all processes lead to one solution

124
Q

define PROBLEM SOLVING

A

process of cognition occuring when goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

125
Q

what are the different problem solving strategies

A
  • trial and error
  • heuristics
  • algorithms
  • insight
126
Q

define ALGORITHM

A

specific step-by-step procedure when followed leads to correct solution

127
Q

define HEURISTICS

A

educated guess based on prior experiences that narrow down possible solutions for a problem

128
Q

define INSIGHT

A

sudden understanding be problem similar to one experienced before causing sudden solution

129
Q

list things that cause problems when problem solving

A
  • functional fixedness
  • fixation
  • confirmation bias
  • mental set
  • overconfidence
  • belief perseverance
  • framing
130
Q

define FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS

A

thinking about objects only in typical function

131
Q

define FIXATION

A

inability to see problem from new perspective

132
Q

define CONFIRMATION BIAS

A

tendency to search for info supporting our bias/preconceptions and ignore contradictions

133
Q

define MENTAL SET

A

tendency to approach problem with specific method especially if it was successful in the past

134
Q

define OVERCONFIDENCE

A

tendency to be more confident than correct and overestimate accuracy of beliefs

135
Q

define BELIEF PERSEVERANCE

A

clinging to initial conceptions after bias formed was discredited

136
Q

define FRAMING

A

way issue is posed can significantly affect decisions

137
Q

define LANGUAGE

A

spoken/signed words and ways we combine to communicate meaning

138
Q

list the four components of language

A

discreetness, grammar, productivity, and displacement

139
Q

define DISCREETNESS

A

individual sounds/words combined into ideas

140
Q

define PHONEMES

A

smallest distinctive sounds

141
Q

define MORPHEMES

A

smallest unit carrying meaning

142
Q

define GRAMMAR

A

system of rules on how to combine units

143
Q

define PRODUCITIVITY

A

ability to use language to create infinite messages

144
Q

define DISPLACEMENT

A

ability to talk about non-literal things

145
Q

give examples of subjects that fall under displacement

A

past, future, fiction, feelings

146
Q

define PARALLEL PROCESSING

A

brain pulls from many parts to make sense of world around you

147
Q

define LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM

A

language controls ways we think and interpret the world

148
Q

define LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE

A

language affects thought and world is relative to cultural language

149
Q

define BILINGUAL PROCESSING

A

think differently depending on the language they speak

150
Q

define BROCA’S AREA

A

part of brain helping control language expression

151
Q

define WERNICKE’S AREA

A

part of brain involved in language comprehension

152
Q

what parts of the brain facilitate language

A

broca’s area, wernicke’s area, prefrontal cortex

153
Q

what is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex in relation to language

A

facilitate broca’s and wernicke’s area

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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