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HUMAN HISTO LEC > CHAPTER 1 Pt. 1 Histology and Its Methods of Study > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Pt. 1 Histology and Its Methods of Study Flashcards

1
Q

The study of tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

A

Histology

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2
Q

Tissue’s 2 interacting components

A

cell; extracellular matrix

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3
Q

ECM two components

A

fibers; ground substance

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4
Q

supports the cells and contains the fluid transporting nutrients to the cells, and carrying away their wastes and secretory products

A

ECM

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5
Q

produce the ECM locally and are in turn strongly influenced by matrix molecules

A

Cells

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6
Q

many of the matrix components bind to _________________that span the cell membranes and connect
to structural components inside the cells, forming a continuum in which cells and the ECM function together in a well-coordinated manner.

A

specific cell receptors

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7
Q

become functionally specialized and give rise to fundamental types of tissues with characteristic structural features.

A

cells and their associated matrix

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8
Q

formed by an orderly combination of these tissues,
and their precise arrangement allows the functioning of each
organ and of the organism as a whole

A

Organs

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9
Q

The most common procedure used in histologic research

A

preparation of tissue slices or “sections”

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10
Q

most common microscope

A

bright field

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11
Q

The ideal microscopic preparation is preserved so that the
tissue on the slide has the same structural features it had in the
body. However, this is often not feasible because the preparation process can remove ___________, with slight distortions
of cell structure.

A

cellular lipid

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12
Q

Basic Steps used in tissue preparation for light microscopy (Fix, De, Cle, In, Em, Tri)

A

Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration
Embedding
Trimming

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13
Q

most critical step in tissue processing

A

Fixation

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14
Q

aka preservation

A

Fixation

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15
Q

To preserve tissue structure and prevent degradation by
enzymes released from the cells or microorganisms, pieces of organs are placed as soon as possible after removal from the
body in solutions of stabilizing or cross-linking compounds
called __________

A

fixatives

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16
Q

fixatives are often
introduced via blood vessels, with vascular perfusion allowing
fixation rapidly throughout the tissues to
improve ________________ in large organs

A

cell preservation

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17
Q

widely used fixative for light microscopy

A

Formalin

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18
Q

how does formalin form?

A

Formaldehyde is dissolved in water forming 37% formaldehyde buffered isotonic solution

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19
Q

fixative used for electron microscopy

A

formalin and glutaraldehyde

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20
Q

formalin and glutaraldehyde react with _________ groups of proteins preventing their degradation by common proteases

A

amine (NH2)

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21
Q

also cross-links adjacent proteins, reinforcing cell and
ECM structures.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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22
Q

provides much greater magnification and resolution of very small cellular structures,
and fixation must be done very carefully to preserve additional “ultrastructural” detail.

A

electron microscopy

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23
Q

For “ultrastructural” detail, glutaraldehyde-treated tissue is then immersed in

A

buffered
osmium tetroxide

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24
Q

preserves (and stains) cellular lipids as well as proteins.

A

osmium tetroxide

25
Q

Embedding materials include ________, used routinely for light
microscopy, and __________, which are adapted for both
light and electron microscopy.

A

paraffin; plastic resins

26
Q

having its water extracted gradually

A

dehydration

27
Q

reagent for dehydration

A

ethanol

28
Q

alternative reagent for dehydration

A

Isopropanol

29
Q

clearing is aka

A

dealcoholization

30
Q

The ethanol is then replaced by an
organic solvent miscible with both alcohol and the embedding
medium; infiltration with
the reagents used here gives the tissue a translucent appearance.

A

clearing

31
Q

reagent for Clearing

A

cylin (cylon)

32
Q

alternative reagent for clearing

A

toluene

33
Q

The fully cleared tissue is then placed in melted paraffin
in an oven at 52°-60°C, which evaporates the clearing solvent
and promotes ________ of the tissue with _______

A

inflitration; paraffin

34
Q

paraffin _________spaces in tissue

A

infiltrates

35
Q

the infiltrated tissue is buried in

A

paraffin wax

36
Q

embedded by allowing it to harden in a small container of
paraffin at ___________.

A

room temperature

37
Q

Tissues to be embedded with
_________ are also dehydrated in ethanol and then infiltrated
with plastic solvents that harden when cross-linking polymerizers are added

A

plastic resin

38
Q

avoids the higher temperatures needed with paraffin, which helps avoid tissue distortion.

A

Plastic embedding

39
Q

The hardened block with tissue and surrounding embedding medium is trimmed and placed for sectioning in an
instrument called a

A

a microtome

40
Q

Paraffin sections are typically cut at ______ thickness for light microscopy

A

3-10 μm

41
Q

electron microscopy requires sections less than _____ thick

A

1 μm

42
Q

A microtome called a ________in a cabinet at subfreezing temperature is used to section the block
with tissue, and the frozen sections are placed on slides for
rapid staining and microscopic examination by a pathologist.

A

cryostat

43
Q

embedding aka

A

casting/blocking

44
Q

microtome aka

A

rotary/minot

45
Q

Cell components with a net negative charge (anionic), have an affinity for

A

basic dyes

46
Q

have an affinity for
basic dyes and are termed

A

basophilic

47
Q

Cell components with cationic components,
such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, stain more
readily with

A

acidic dyes

48
Q

proteins with many ionized amino groups, stain more
readily with acidic dyes and are termed ___________.

A

acidophilic

49
Q

Examples of basic dyes include

A

toluidine blue
alcian blue
methylene blue.

50
Q

a dye that has net + charge attracting substances that are negatively charged

A

basic dye

51
Q

a dye that has net - charge repelling a negatively charged substances

A

acidic dye

52
Q

simple combination of staining methods

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

53
Q

Hematoxylin stains:

A
  1. DNA in the cell nucleus
  2. RNA-rich portions of the cytoplasm
  3. matrix of cartilage
54
Q

Eosin is considered a ____

A

counterstain - to distinguish additional features of a tissue

55
Q

utilizes the
hexose rings of polysaccharides and other carbohydrate-rich
tissue structures and stains such macromolecules distinctly
purple or magenta

A

periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction

56
Q

The
DNA of cell nuclei can be specifically stained using a modification of the PAS procedure called the

A

Feulgen reaction.

57
Q

Lipid-rich structures of cells are revealed by avoiding the processing steps that remove lipids, such as treatment with
heat and organic solvents, and staining with lipid-soluble dyes such as _____

A

Sudan black

58
Q

typically using solutions of silver salts to visual certain
ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissue.

A

metal impregnation techniques

HUMAN HISTO LEC (19 decks)

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