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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY > RADIATION POISONING > Flashcards

RADIATION POISONING Flashcards

1
Q

two main sources of radiation exposure

A

Internal exposure

External exposure

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2
Q

Internal exposure

A

small quantities of radioactive materials that occur naturally in the environment

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3
Q

external exposure

A

from sunlight radiation and from synthetic and naturally occurring radioactive materials

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4
Q

Categories of radiation based on energy of the particles

A

Ionizing and Non-ionizing radiation

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5
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Gamma rays
X rays
Higher engery range of UV light

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6
Q

Non-ionizing radiation

A

Low energy range of UV light
Visible light
Infrared light
Microwaves
Radiowaves

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7
Q

MOA of ionizing radiations

A

Displaces electrons from their atomic nuclei resulting in ionisation of molecules.

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8
Q

types of effects of ionizing radiations

A

immediate
chronic
delayed

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9
Q

why are double strand lesions considered the most serious DNA lesions

A

they can result in cleavage of chromatin and might not be successfully repaired by the cell

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10
Q

Effect of DNA damage to cells

A

Mutagenecity
Carcinogenecity
Inhibition of cell replication
cell death

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11
Q

medical sources of radiation

A

Diagnostic X ray
Nuclear medicine
X rays used in treating cancer

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12
Q

Examples of nuclear medicine

A

Cobal irradiation - cancers
Radioactive iodine - Grave’s diseases

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13
Q

Occupational exposure to radiation

A

Nuclear reactors
Linear accelerators
Sealed caesium, americium and cobalt sources in therapeutic instruments and detectors

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14
Q

Examples of naturally occuring hazardous isotopes in the earth’s crust

A

Radium and Radon gas

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15
Q

Immediate symptoms of cutaneous radiation sickness

A

Transient and inconsistent redness associated with itching

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16
Q

late symptoms of cutaneous radiation sickness

A

Intense reddening
blistering
ulceration

17
Q

Symptoms of radiation sickness

A

Nausea and vomiting
Hair loss
Spontaneous bleeding
Fatigue

18
Q

best known acute effect of UV radiation

A

Sunburn or erythema

19
Q

Long term effect of UV radiation on eye

A

Catarcacts

20
Q

Sources of UV radiation

A

Sunlight
Tanning lamps and beds
Fluorescent lamps
Mercury vapor lamps
Halogen lamps

21
Q

Types of UV radiations

A

UVA
UVB
UVC

22
Q

Which type of UV rays cause most skin cancers

A

UVB rays

23
Q

General dermatologic reactions to excessive sunlight

A

Dermatoheliosis-skin aging
Elastosis-yellow discoloration of skin
Wrinkling
Hyperpigmentation
Atrophy
Dermatitis

24
Q

Other reactions to excessive sunlight exposure

A

Actinic keratosses
Squamous cell/basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanomas
Photosensitive reactions

25
Q

Types of burns

A

First degree
Second degree
Third degree
Fourth degree

26
Q

First degree burns

A

Burns are generally red sensitive and moist
The absence of blisters and blanching of the skin with application of light pressure

27
Q

Second degree

A

presence of erythematous blisters with exudate

28
Q

third degree burns

A

involve deep dermal skin loss
skin appears black, charred and leathery
exposed areas are insensitive to pain

29
Q

fourth degree burns

A

involve deep tissue and structure loss
hypertrophic scars and chronic granulations develop unless skin grafting is done

30
Q

Effect of sunlight on eyes

A

Photokeratitis
Conjunctivitis

31
Q

Types of nonionizing radiation

A

Optical radiation
Radiofrequency radiation

32
Q

Examples of optical radiation

A

UV radiation
Infrared
Visible

33
Q

Examples of radiofrequency radiation

A

Microwaves
Radiofrequency

34
Q

Sources of IR radiation

A

Plasma torches
halogen lamps

35
Q

Which organs does IR affect

A

Skin and eyes

CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (14 decks)

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