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Radiology Anatomy > Imaging of Abdomen > Flashcards

Imaging of Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas filled and fluid filled on the DV view?

A

What is the gas filled and fluid filled on the VD view?

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2
Q

What is the position and shape of the stomach in cats?

A
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3
Q

What is the position and shape of the stomach in dogs?

A
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4
Q

What does the stomach look like on left lateral?

A

Pylorus should be gas filled and fundus should be fluid filled. Pylorus will be ventral and to the right and fundus will be dorsal and to the left

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5
Q

What does the stomach look like on right lateral?

A

Pylorus should be fluid filled and fundus should be gas filled. Pylorus will be ventral and to the right and fundus will be dorsal and to the left.

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6
Q

What is radiographs best for?

A
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7
Q

What is ultrasound best for?

A
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8
Q

What is the normal liver gastric axis?

A

Perpendicular to spine and parallel to ribs
Liver may extend beyond costal arch

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9
Q

How is the gastric axis differ in deep chest dogs?

A

Gastric axis is more perpendicular to spine

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10
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Big liver rounded blunted margins

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11
Q

Microhepatia (small liver)

A
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12
Q

What is the normal opacity of liver and gallbladder?

A

Soft tissue opacity

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13
Q

What is the normal pancreatic limb locations on radiographs?

A

Left limb - between stomach and transverse colon
Right limb - between descending duodenum and ascending colon

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14
Q

Feline pancreas location

A

Can sometimes see left limb between stomach, spleen, and left kidney

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15
Q

What is Microhepatia? What are the differentials of it?

A

Cranial displacement of the gastric axis

Dx: Normal variation (deep chested dogs), portosystemic shunt, cirrhosis

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16
Q

What is Cirrhosis?

A

Liver is normal to small in size with rounded, irregular margins. Ascites is commonly seen.

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17
Q

What are differentials of generalized hepatomegaly?

A

Vacuolar hepatopathy
Lipidosis
Diabetes mellitus
Congestion (right heart failure)
Neoplasia: Lymphoma, mast cell neoplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma (diffuse)

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18
Q

Differentials for focal liver disease?

A

Abscess, hematoma, cyst, nodular hyperplasia, neoplasia (primary or metastatic)

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19
Q

What does a hepatic abscess look like on radiographs?

A

Gas in the liver parenchyma

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20
Q

Differentials for hepatic neoplasia?

A

Metastatic: hemangiosarcoma, carcinoma, round cell neoplasia

Primary:
Dogs - hepatocellular carcimona
Cats - biliary cystadenoma, cholngiocarcinoma

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21
Q

What is the most common hepatic malignancy in dogs?

A

Metastatic

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22
Q

What are choleliths?

A

Stones in the bladder

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23
Q

What does pancreatitis look like on radiographs?

A

May have effusion, mass effect in cranial abdomen

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24
Q

Radiographic signs of small intestinal disease?

A

Intestinal dilation
Abnormal gas pattern
Abnormal distribution
Abnormal intestinal content
Not wall thickenin

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25
Q

What does flud in the bowel mimic?

A

Intestinal thickening

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26
Q

How is wall thickness best determined?

A

Contrast study or ultrasouns

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27
Q

What is the normal intestinal diameter in a dog?

A

<1.6X L5 body, less than 2-3 rib width

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28
Q

What is the normal intestinal diameter in a cat?

A

<1.8 times L2 endplate or <12mm

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29
Q

What does increased bowel diameter suggests?

A

Ileus (failure to pass contents)

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30
Q

What are the two types of Ileus?

A

Obstructive and non-obstructive

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31
Q

Describe obstructive (mechanical ileus)

A

Marked segmental dilation (means two sizes of intestine)
Usually more dramatic dilation
Usually surgical
Only that portion of bowel cranial/orad to obstruction will be dilated (two populations of bowel)

32
Q

Describe Non-obstructive ileus (functional, paralytic)

A

Generalized milder dilation
Usually not surgical

33
Q

Things that can cause non-obstructive (functional, paralytic) ileus

A

Peritonitis, post-op abdomen, enteritis, pain, anticholinergic drugs, sedation/anesthesia, dysautonomia, GDV, electrolyte imbalance

34
Q

If a segment of small intestine is >2 times the height of L5 what is the chance of obstruction in dogs?

A

86%

35
Q

If a segment of small intestine is >2-4 times the height of L2 what is the chance of obstruction in cats?

A

95%

36
Q

What can cause obstruction in the abdomen?

A

Foreign body, intussusception, neoplasia, stricture, hernia, adhesions

37
Q

What may you not see with duodenal obstruction?

A

No dilation

38
Q

What views should you get if you supect intestinal obstruction?

A

Both lateral views

39
Q

What should normal intestinal distribution look like?

A

Gas in bowel conforms to lumen; should be longitudinal or oval/round, tubular bowel loop shape

40
Q

What is an abnormal gas patthern?

A

Discontinous common shaped or triangular gas bubbles are abnormal

41
Q

What does a linear foreign body obstruction often lack?

A

Marked dilation, will see plication or bunching of small intestines (folding)

42
Q

What are normal intestinal contents?

A

Gas and fluid

43
Q

What should ingesta look like once it enters the duodenum and what is abnormal?

A

Should be fluid (chyme), structured soft tissue or mineral opque material is abnormal

44
Q

What does the gravel sign suggest?

A

Chronic partial obstruction

45
Q

What is normal colon diameter?

A

1-1.5 X L7 length or less than 1.28 X L5 length

46
Q

What colon diameter suggests constipation or megacolon?

A

Greater than 1.28 X L5

47
Q

Are you able to see intestinal masses on radiographs?

A

May not see them, US is preferred

48
Q

What is the location fo the kidneys?

A

They are in the retroperitoneal space

49
Q

Which kidneys can you see on dog radiographs?

A

Can reliably see left kidney but often can only see the caudal pole of the right kidney, difficult to see entire kidney

50
Q

Which kidneys can you see on a cat radiograph?

A

Usually see both kidneys

51
Q

Can you see ureters on radiographs?

A

Ureters are not usually seen on radiographs

52
Q

What is the normal kidney size for a dog?
Measured on a VD View

A

2.5-3.5 X L2

53
Q

What is the normal kidney size for a cat?

A

Intact - 2.1-3.2 X L2
Neutered - 1.9-2.6 X L2

54
Q

What kind of opacity should the kidney have?

A

Homogeneous, smoothly marginated, with soft tissue opacity

55
Q

What is the location of ureters?

A

Retroperitoneal until approach trigone, will not normally be visible on radiographs

56
Q

What is commonly mistaken for a nodule in the caudal dorsal retroperiotnel reigion of the abdomen?

A

Deep circumflex ilac artery

57
Q

What is the renal size of cat/dog kidneys on US?

A

3.0-4.5cm for cat
Dog is variable, use ratio of maximal renal length/aortic diameter
Normal is between 5.5-9.1

58
Q

What is excretory urography? (EU) What are indications for its use?

A

Single intravenous injection of iodinated contrast agent

Indications:
Morphology, integrity, location, and estimation of renal function

59
Q

What are contraindications for excretory urography?

A

Dehydrated patient (primary)
Previous reaction to iodine

60
Q

What are side effects of excretory urography?

A

Anaphylaxis, vomting/urticaria, acute renal failure, affects urinalysis (increase in USG and inhibiton of some bacteria)

61
Q

What is the flow of contrast with an EU?

A

Renal artery
Kidneys (glomerulus -> renal tubule -> collecting duct -> renal pelvis), ureter, urinary bladder

62
Q

What is the normal size/shape of the renal pelvis?

A

<2 mm in the dog
C-shaped with fingerlike recesses (diverticuli), and cone shapred proximal ureter

63
Q

What is nephrolithiasis?

A

Stones in the kidney

64
Q

Mineral opacity stones are likely to be?

A

Oxalate (more jadged) or struvite (more round)

65
Q

Soft tissue opacity stones (non-radiopaque) are likely to be?

A

Cystine or urate stones

66
Q

What are the differentials for a small kidney with a smooth shape?

A

Chronic nephropathy, dysplasia, or normal

67
Q

What are the differentials for a small kidney that is irregularly shaped?

A

Chronic nephropathy (CKD) or infarction

68
Q

What are the differentials for a large kidney with a smooth shape?

A

Pyelonephritis (acute), hydronephrosis, perinephric cyst, lymphoma, and hypertrophy

69
Q

What are the differentials for a large kidney with a irregular shape?

A

Neoplasia, polycystic, FIP

70
Q

What does chronic kidney disease look like on radiographs?

A

Small irregular shaped kidneys
May have one small and one large kidney (compensatory hypertrophy)
Mineralization is also possible

71
Q

What is pyelonephritis and what does it look like on radiographs?

A

It is an ascending infection of the collecting system.
Radiographs are usually normal and may have mild renomegaly with smooth shape (acute)

72
Q

What can pyelonephritis cause?

A

Pyelectasia (dilation of the renal pelvis)

73
Q

What is Hydronephrosis?

A

Secondary to obstruction: trigonal bladder mass, ectopic ureter, ureterolith, ligation

Radiographs will have renomegaly with smooth shape

74
Q

What does renal neoplasia look like on radiograph?

A

Enlarged kidney which may have an irregular shape, this can be bilateral (lymphoma)

75
Q

What does polycystic kidney disease look like on radiographs?

A

Enlarged kidneys with irregular margins

76
Q

What do ectopic ureters lack?

A

The normal J-shape termination of the ureters

77
Q
A

Radiology Anatomy (12 decks)

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