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A&P 1 Summer 2023 > A&P Chapter 15 > Flashcards

A&P Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory structures of the eye do what?

A

Protects the eye and aids in eye function?

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2
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and 6 extrinsic eye muscles

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3
Q

What is the lacrimal gland?

A

Accessory structure that makes tears to lubricate the eyes

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4
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

Lateral upper eye

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5
Q

How are tears produced?

A
  1. The lacrimal gland produces and secretes tears (lacrimal secretions)
  2. Tears enter the conjunctival sac via the excretory ducts of the lacrimal gland
  3. Tears flow down and across the eyeball
  4. Tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi at openings called lacrimal puncta
  5. Tears drain into the lacrimal sac
  6. From the lacrimal sac, tears empty via the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
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6
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces

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7
Q

What is the conjunctiva made of?

A

Specialized stratified columnar epithelium. Contains numerous goblet cells to moisten eye, many blood vessels to nourish sclera, abundant nerve endings

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8
Q

Does the conjunctiva cover the cornea?

A

No, so it doesn’t interfere with light passage

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9
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Pink eye. Inflammation of the conjunctiva resulting in reddened irritated eyes. Caused by bacteria or viruses. Highly contagious

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10
Q

What does the lateral rectus do, and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Moves eye laterally and the VI (abducens) nerve

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11
Q

What does the medial rectus do and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Moves eye medially and the III (oculomotor) nerve

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12
Q

What does the superior rectus do and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Elevates the eye and turns it medially and the III (oculomotor) nerve

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13
Q

What does the inferior rectus do and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Depresses eye and turns it medially and the III (oculomotor) nerves

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14
Q

What does the inferior oblique do and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Elevates the eye and turns it laterally and III (oculomotor) nerves

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15
Q

What does the superior oblique do and which cranial nerve controls it?

A

Depresses the eye and turns it laterally and IV (trochlear) nerve

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16
Q

How can you remember the eye muscles and associated cranial nerves?

A

LR 6 SO 4 all else 3

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17
Q

The interior structures of the eye contains two cavities, what are they?

A
  1. Posterior cavity (behind lens)
  2. Anterior cavity (in front of lens)
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18
Q

Where is permanent vitreous humor located?

A

Posterior cavity (behind lens)

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19
Q

Where is the circulating aqueous humor located?

A

Anterior cavity (in front of lens)

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20
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Condition in which drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, causing fluid to back up and increase pressure within the eye

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21
Q

What is the physiology of glaucoma?

A

Pressures may increase to dangerous levels and compress the retina and optic nerve, leading to blindness

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of glaucoma?

A

Few early signs, but late signs include seeing halos around lights and blurred vision

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23
Q

What is the detection of glaucoma?

A

Intraocular pressure determined by directing putt of air at cornea and measuring amount of corneal deformation. Test should be done yearly after age 40

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24
Q

What is the treatment of glaucoma?

A

Eye drops that increase rate of aqueous humor drainage or decrease its production; laser therapy or surgery

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25
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The clear connective tissue layer in the front of the eyeball that bulges

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26
Q

What is the lens?

A

Flexible disc that bends light to focus it on the retina

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27
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

The muscles that change the shape of the lens

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the lens?

A

Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular

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29
Q

How does the lens change shape?

A

Via suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle to precisely focus light on the retina

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30
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens

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31
Q

What causes cataracts?

A

Can be congenital, consequences of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight

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32
Q

What is the treatment for cataracts?

A

Lens can be replaced surgically with an artificial lens

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33
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white connective tissue layer on the outside of most of the eyeball

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34
Q

What is the choroid?

A

Internal blood supply of eyeball

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35
Q

What is the retina?

A

Innermost eyeball layer that detects light

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36
Q

What does the pigmented layer of the retina do?

A

Absorbs light and prevents its scattering, phagocytizes photoreceptor cell fragments, and stores vitamin A

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37
Q

What are the 3 neural layers of the retina?

A
  1. Photoreceptor cell layer (outermost)
  2. Bipolar cell layer
  3. Ganglion cell layer (innermost)
38
Q

What does the photoreceptor layer contain?

A

Rods and cons, as well as pigments that react to light

39
Q

What is the bipolar cell layer?

A

Their dendrites receive synaptic input from rods and cones

40
Q

What is the ganglion cell layer?

A

Their axons gather at the optic disc and form the optic nerve

41
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

Where ganglion axons exit toward the brain

42
Q

The optic disc contains no _______

A

Photoreceptors

43
Q

The optic disc is called the what?

A

Blind spot

44
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

Rounded, yellowish region lateral to optic disc

45
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

Rounded, yellowish region lateral to optic disc

46
Q

What does the macula lutea have?

A

Fovea centralis (central pit) which has the highest proportion of cones (hardly any rods)

47
Q

The fovea centralis is the area of ______ vision

A

Sharpest vision

48
Q

What is the parasympathetic reaction for pupil constriction and dilation?

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle contracts, pupil constricts (size decreases)

49
Q

What is the sympathetic reaction for pupil constriction and dilation?

A

Dilator pupillae muscle contracts, pupil dilates (size increases)

50
Q

What two muscles are in the iris?

A

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

51
Q

What are the problems associated with refraction related to eyeball shape?

A

Myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and astigmatism

52
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness: eyeball is too long, so focal point is in front of the retina.

53
Q

How is myopia corrected?

A

Concave lens

54
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness; eye ball is too short, so focal point is behind retina

55
Q

How is hyperopia corrected?

A

Convex lens

56
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Loss of accommodation over age 50

57
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens

58
Q

How is astigmatism corrected?

A

With cylindrically ground lenses or laser procedures

59
Q

What is color blindness?

A

Lack of one or more cone pigments

60
Q

How is color blindness inherited?

A

As an X-linked condition, so more common in males

61
Q

How common is color blindness in males?

A

8-10% of males have some form

62
Q

What is the most common type of color blindness?

A

Red-green, in which either red cones or green cones are absent. Depending on which cone is missing, red can appear green or vice verse. They rely on different shades to get cues of color

63
Q

What is the tapetum lucidum?

A

Reflective tissue behind the retina of many animals that helps aid in increased night vision

64
Q

What is heterochromia?

A

A difference of coloration, usually of the iris. Can be complete (each eye different color) or sectoral (partial color difference in iris)

65
Q

What are the three major areas of the ear?

A
  1. External (outer) ear: hearing only
  2. Middle ear (tympanic cavity): hearing only
  3. Internal (inner) ear: hearing and equilibrium
66
Q

What is the auricle?

A

Funnels sound waves into the external acoustic meatus

67
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

Tubes that transports sound waves from outside the ear to the tympanic membrane

68
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Eardrum

69
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles?

A
  1. The malleus = small bone attached to the tympanic membrane, begins to vibrate and those vibrations travel to the adjacent
  2. Incus
    then to the
  3. Stapes, which is the last and smallest bone in the middle ear
70
Q

What is the pharyngotympanic/eustachian tube?

A

Tube that equalizes pressure in the middle ear

71
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear inflammation

72
Q

In what group is otitis media commonly seen in?

A

Children with sore throat

73
Q

Otitis media is the most frequent cause of what in children?

A

Hearing loss

74
Q

What is the physiology of otitis media?

A

Acute infectious forms cause the eardrum to bulge outward and become inflammed

75
Q

What is the treatment for otitis media?

A

Most cases respond to antibiotics

76
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Snail shell-shaped region that houses receptors for hearing

77
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

2 receptors for static equilibrium (related to gravity)

78
Q

What is the 2 receptors of the vestibule?

A

Saccule and utricle

79
Q

What is the saccule continous with?

A

Cochlear duct

80
Q

What is the utricle continuous with?

A

Semicircular canals

81
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A

Three fluid-filled tubes that assist with dynamic equilibrium (rotational equilibrium)

82
Q

What is the ampulla/

A

Enlarged region of semicircular canal where equilibrium is detected

83
Q

What does the scala media contain?

A

Endolymph

84
Q

What is the tectorial membrane?

A

Membrane superior to hair cells that does not vibrate with sound waves

85
Q

What is the basilar membrane?

A

Membrane inferior to hair cells that vibrates in response to sound waves

86
Q

What are hair cells and hairs?

A

Cells that detect vibrations and structures that bend with sound vibrations

87
Q

What are hair cells in the ear called?

A

Stereocilia

88
Q

What is conduction deafness?

A

Blocked sound conduction to fluids of internal ear

89
Q

What are causes of conduction deafness?

A

Impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, otitis media, otosclerosis of the ossicles

90
Q

What is sensorineural deafness?

A

Damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells

91
Q

What causes sensorineural deafness?

A

Gradual hair cell loss

92
Q

What is the potential treatment of sensorineural deafness?

A

Cochlear implants that convert sound energy into electrical signals are effective for congenital or age/noise cochlear damage

A&P 1 Summer 2023 (17 decks)

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