Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOM1052 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

A

The neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T or F
All cranial nerves are located within the skull

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T or F
Ganglia are part of the CNS

A

F
They are part of the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nerves that come from the spine are called…

A

spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nerves that come from the brain are called…

A

cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The central nervous system processes sensory information and coordinates an appropriate response through the …

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The PNS can be divided into what two divisions?

A

The afferent and efferent divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T or F
The afferent division of the PNS is responsible for sending signals out of the CNS

A

F
The afferent division brings signals to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which nervous systems act out motor commands from the CNS?

A

The somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The CNS is composed of what two major anatomical parts?

A

the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the 4 types of neurons

A

Anaxonic
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is unique about anaxonic neurons in comparison to other types?

A

Anaxonic neurons have no obvious axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where can anaxonic neurons be found?

A

In the brain and retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of neuron am I?
I am small with many dendrites

A

Anaxonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What distinguishes bipolar neurons from other types of neurons?

A

They have one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where can bipolar neurons be found?

A

In the special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What distinguishes unipolar neurons from other types?

A

They have two axons and the cell body is to the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most sensory neurons are … neurons

A

unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F
In a unipolar axon, the dendrites and axons are a single fused process.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of neuron are motor neurons (in terms of structure)?

A

Multipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F
Multipolar neurons have three or more dendrites and one axon.

A

F
two or more dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Interneurons link … and … neurons

A

sensory
motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F
There are more neurons than glia in the body

A

F
There can be up to ten times more glia than neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T or F
Glia and neuroglia are interchangeable terms

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F
There are different glia in the CNS and PNS

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neurons are supported by …

A

glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of glial cells are the most abundant in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T or F
Anaxonic neurons are rare and don’t usually have action potentials

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T or F
Anaxonic neurons never have an axon

A

F
They can but they are indistinguishable from the dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Astrocytes maintain the … and help to support and provide …

A

BBB
structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T or F
Each oligodendrocyte can myelinate one axon

A

F
One oligodendrocyte can myelinate lots of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Oligodendrocytes conduct action potentials by producing …

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T or F
Schwann cells can support unmyelinated axons but they cannot help speed up their action potentials

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of glial cell lines cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

To produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the least common CNS glia?

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T or F
Oligodendrocytes are phagocytic cells

A

F
microglia are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

T or F
Satellite cells perform similar functions to astrocytes

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of CNS glia is part of the immune system?

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of PNS glia surround cell bodies in ganglia?

A

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

To regulate exchange with intestinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What two types of glia are part of the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS are called … whereas bundles of axons in the PNS are called …

A

tracts
nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS are called … whereas clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS are called …

A

nuclei
ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Nerves contain … and … fibres

A

sensory
motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

T or F
Nerves have 5 connective tissue layers

A

F
3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

List the connective tissue layers that nerves have in order of most external to least

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which connective tissue layer that surrounds nerves is responsible for making a fibrous outer sheath?

A

epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Which connective tissue layer that surrounds nerves is responsible for separating axon bundles into fascicles?

A

perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which connective tissue layer that surrounds nerves is responsible for wrapping around individual axons?

A

endoneurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Axons from nerves join cell bodies in …

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ganglia are surrounded by …

A

epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T or F
Ganglia can contain cell bodies from both afferent and efferent neurons

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does white matter get its colour from?

A

myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Where does grey matter get its colour from?

A

cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

T or F
Grey matter contains tracts whilst white matter contains nuclei

A

F
vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

T or F
Like white matter, grey matter contains axons, but they are unmyelinated

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

T or F
Graded potentials are local and die out whilst action potentials travel along axons

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

T or F
The spinal cord is a major reflex centre

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

… allow sensory neurons to enter the spinal cord.

A

posterior rootlets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

… allow motor neurons to exit the spinal cord.

A

anterior rootlets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

T or F
Paired spinal nerves emerge from the
spinal cord

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

T or F
The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the cauda equina “horses tail”?

A

Roots of spinal nerves extending inferior to
the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

List the 4 spinal cord and vertebral regions from highest to lowest

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The spinal cord is encased by the …

A

vertebral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the spaces between vertebrae called?

A

intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the meninges?

A

three layers of membranes that cover and protect your brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The roots of spinal nerves emerge from the …

A

intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Between each vertebra is an … which provides a gelatinous cushioning to the spinal cord.

A

intervertebral disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal corded are divided by the …

A

sympathetic ganglion chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What 3 layers make up the meninges

A

The dura, arachnoid and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Which layer of the meninges is an outer fibrous sheath?

A

Dura mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Which layer of the meninges is an Inner membrane bound to
spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Which layer of the meninges provides support to blood
vessels of the spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

The epidural space is between the … mater and …

A

dura
vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

The epidural space contains …, … and …

A

loose connective tissue, blood vessels & adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Epidurals administered during childbirth are placed in the … or … spinal region

A

lumbar or sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The subarachnoid space is between … mater and … mater

A

arachnoid
pia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

T or F
The subarachnoid space does not contain cerebral spinal fluid

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

When local anesthesia is administered in the spine it is injected into the … space

A

subarachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Grey matter of the spinal cord is organised into …

A

horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Grey matter of the spinal cord is organised into what three horns?

A

Dorsal (posterior) horn
Ventral (anterior) horn
Lateral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Cell bodies of interneurons receiving sensory info are present in which horn of the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are present in which horn of the spinal cord?

A

The ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons are present in which horn of the spinal cord?

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

… in the spinal cord allows communication within the CNS

A

white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Neurons enter & exit the spinal cord through …

A

roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

List the 3 types of spinal roots

A

Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglia
Ventral root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Which root of the spinal cord deals with Motor (efferent) axons?

A

ventral root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Which root of the spinal cord deals with sensory neuron cell bodies?

A

dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Which root of the spinal cord deals with sensory (afferent neurons)?

A

dorsal root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

T or F
Spinal roots contain
both sensory and motor neurons

A

F
Spinal roots contain
either sensory neurons
or motor neurons

93
Q

Each dorsal and ventral root fuses to form a …

A

spinal nerve

94
Q

There are … pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

95
Q

a spinal nerve is … - … cm long

A

1-2

96
Q

T or F
Spinal nerves contain both sensory and motor axons

A

T

97
Q

The ulner nerve is a … nerve

A

peripheral

98
Q

short spinal nerves
branch into … and may
converge into a nerve …

A

rami
plexus

99
Q

T or F
In order for something to be considered a “reflex” it must produce a standardised response with little variability

A

T

100
Q

T or F
Reflexes can only be processed in the spinal cord

A

F
Brain and spinal cord

101
Q

Reflexes can be … or …

A

mono or polysynaptic

102
Q

monosynaptic reflexes have one synapse between … and … neuron

A

afferent
efferent

103
Q

polysynaptic reflexes have more than one synapse aka they involve …

A

interneurons

104
Q

The “wiring” for a reflex is
called a …

A

reflex arc

105
Q

Reflex arcs consist of what 5 things?

A

– Receptor
– Sensory neuron
– Integration centre
– Motor neuron
– Effector

106
Q

What do stretch reflexs detect?

A

Detects changes in muscle length (muscle stretch) and
causes contraction of the same muscle

107
Q

T or F
Stretch reflexs are polysynaptic

A

F
mono

108
Q

What type of reflex is the patellar reflex?

A

A stretch reflex

109
Q

… are the sensory
receptors for the stretch reflex

A

Muscle spindles

110
Q

… monitor position of
skeletal muscles & joints

A

Proprioceptors

111
Q

Muscle … detect changes in muscle length

A

spindles

112
Q

T or F
extrafusal muscle
fibres are regular contractile skeletal
muscle

A

T

113
Q

T or F
Stretching muscle spindle
decreases the firing of the
sensory neurons

A

F
increases

114
Q

T or F
Compressing a muscle spindle decreases firing of the sensory neuron

A

T

115
Q

Stimulation of sensory neurons causes stimulation of … neurons and the
contraction of … muscle fibres

A

alpha motor
extrafusal

116
Q

Is the withdrawl reflex and example of a monosynaptic or polysynaptic reflex?

A

Poly

117
Q

(Regarding the withdrawal reflex)
… interneuron stimulates motor neuron to biceps
… interneuron inhibits motor neuron to triceps

A

Excitatory
Inhibitory

118
Q

T or F
During the withdrawal reflex the biceps contract while triceps relax

A

T

119
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

a general phenomenon in which the stretch of one muscle inhibits the activity of the opposing muscle.

120
Q

Is the crossed extensor reflex contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral reflex rather than ipsilateral

121
Q

What is a contralateral reflex?

A

Motor response on opposite side to stimulus

122
Q

What is an ipsilateral reflex?

A

Motor response on same side as stimulus (eg.
Stretch & withdrawal reflexes)

123
Q

Stretch and withdrawal reflexs are examples of … reflexes

A

ipsilateral

124
Q

The … reflex occurs with the withdrawal reflex

A

crossed extensor

125
Q

T or F
In fish the brain and spinal cord are of equal weight

A

T

126
Q

Is the human brain or spinal cord heavier?

A

The human brain is heavier than the human spinal cord

127
Q

The human brain weights about … kgs

A

1.5

128
Q

T or F
Cranial meninges are NOT continuous with spinal meninges

A

F
They are continuous

129
Q

Match the cranial meninges name to characteristic

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater

a. Subarachnoid space contains CSF
b. No epidural space (bound to skull)
c. Sticks to surface of brain

A

1a, 2b and 3c

130
Q

Which mater layer of the cranial meninges contains two layers with blood filled space in between? And what is this called?

A

Dura mater
The dural sinus

131
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid … and … the brain and spinal cord

A

cushions
nourishes

132
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the … of the …

A

choroid plexuses of the ventricles

133
Q

The … ventricles of the brain are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

A

4

134
Q

Fluid leaks out of choroid plexus … to form CSF

A

capillaries

135
Q

CSF composition is maintained by … cells

A

ependymal

136
Q

CSF circulates through the … of the spinal cord and the … of the brain

A

central canal
ventricles

137
Q

T or F
CSF escapes through ventricle openings into the subarachnoid
space

A

T

138
Q

CSF enters venous blood through …

A

arachnoid villi

139
Q

Arachnoid tissue projects into …

A

dural sinuses

140
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed by tightly adhered … cells

A

capillary

141
Q

… signal capillary cells to tighten

A

Astrocytes

142
Q

T or F
Molecules must pass through capillary cells to access the brain

A

T

143
Q

The elevated ridges of the brain are called …

A

Gyri

144
Q

The shallow depressions of the brain are called … and the deep depressions …

A

sulci
fissures

145
Q

The grey matter surrounding the cerebrum is known as the …

A

cerebral cortex

146
Q

The inner core of grey matter is called the …

A

basal nuclei

147
Q

The cerebrum is split into … hemispheres and is connected by the …

A

two
corpus callosum

148
Q

The diencephalon is composed of the … and …

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

149
Q

The brain stem is composed of what three parts?

A

The midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

150
Q

What are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A

The cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem

151
Q

The cerebral cortex can be divided into what 4 lobes based on structural features?

A

Occipital, temporal, parietal & frontal lobes

152
Q

The insular cortex is folded within the …

A

lateral sulcus

153
Q

Match the lobes of the cerebral cortex with their characteristics:

  1. Occipital lobe
  2. Temporal lobe
  3. Frontal lobe
  4. Parietal lobe

a. Primary motor cortex
b. Primary somatosensory cortex
c. Visual cortex
d. Auditory and olfactory cortex

A

1c, 2d, 3a and 4b

154
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex am I?

Perception of the general senses (e.g. temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception). Tells us awareness, location & intensity.

A

Parietal lobe

155
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is divided into regions that receive sensory info
from …

A

different parts of the body

156
Q

The … (little man)
represents the
sensitivity of each body
region.

A

sensory homunculus

157
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex am I?

Voluntary control over skeletal muscle
* Fine tuned by lower brain centres
* Receives instruction from the premotor cortex

A

Frontal lobe

158
Q

T or F
Primary motor cortex activates motor neurons but does not initiate
motor activity

A

T

159
Q

T or F
Like the somatosensory cortex the primary motor cortex is also organised by regions of the body

A

T

160
Q

T or F
The motor homunculus
looks the same as the sensory homunculus

A

F
The motor homunculus
looks different to the
sensory homunculus

161
Q

Does the motor or sensory homunculus devote more space to the hand?

A

The motor

162
Q

Which cortex of the brain am I?
* Planning and problem solving
* Directing attention
* Decision making
* Creativity
* Personality traits

A

The prefrontal cortex

163
Q

T or F
The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses.

A

T

164
Q

What am I?

Clusters of grey matter embedded in white matter of the
cerebrum

A

Basal nuclei

165
Q

Which part of the brain Controls motor activity by fine-tuning motor commands of
upper motor neurons?

A

Basal nuclei

166
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for subconscious control of motor activity?
– skeletal muscle tone
– provide pattern and rhythm for movement – eg movement of arms and
legs during walking

A

Basal nuclei

167
Q

Which part of the brain is the coordinator and predictor of movement (refines movements that are already planned, and helps to maintain balance & posture)

A

The cerebellum

168
Q

All sensory information (except smell) synapses at the …

A

thalamus

169
Q

Which part of the brain am I?
Homeostatic control (Body temp; urine output; food intake)
– Endocrine role (hormone secretion; control of endocrine glands)
– Emotional & behavioural drives
– Control of autonomic function

A

Hypothalamus

170
Q

Which part of the brain am I?
Motor information from the
cerebellum and basal nuclei travel
through the thalamus to the cortex
– Plays an important role in consciousness

A

Thalamus

171
Q

What are some functions of the brain stem?

A

Highway between spinal cord and higher brain structures
– Autonomic control centres for cardiovascular & respiratory systems
– Controls awakening and levels of alertness
– Attachment of most cranial nerves
– Subconscious control of skeletal muscle
movement

172
Q

T or F
The medulla oblongata, pons & midbrain are all part of the brainstem

A

T

173
Q

There are … pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

174
Q

What is the motor nervous system controlling glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle & adipose tissue.

A

The autonomic nervous system

175
Q

The … nervous system control blood pressure, body temperature and water balance

A

autonomic

176
Q

The target organs of the ANS are in the … and … cavities

A

thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities

177
Q

T or F
The divisions of the ANS innervate different organs

A

F

178
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

– Sympathetic
– Parasympathetic

179
Q

T or F
Each division of the ANS has some level of activity
even at rest

A

T

180
Q

Basal rate of activity is called …

A

Autonomic tone

181
Q

…. allows the ANS to both increase or decrease activity

A

Autonomic tone

182
Q

T or F
Blood vessels are only innervated by the
sympathetic NS

A

T

183
Q

Blood vessels can constrict or dilate by
varying the rate of … in … neurons

A

APs
sympathetic

184
Q

The ANS has a … motor neuron chain

A

two

185
Q

Somatic nervous system has … motor neuron.

A

one

186
Q

ANS has two motor neurons that synapse at an … in the PNS.

A

autonomic ganglion

187
Q

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the … of the spinal cord

A

lateral horn

188
Q

Preganglionic fibres leave the … of the spinal cord

A

ventral roots

189
Q

T or F
Preganglionic fibres are (mostly) long. Postganglionic fibres are (mostly) short.

A

F
vice versa

190
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with neurons in what three groups of ganglia?

A

sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral ganglia and the adrenal medullae

191
Q

The cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are in the … and … of the spinal cord

A

brain stem and sacral segment

192
Q

Preganglionic fibres travel through the … or … nerves

A

cranial nerves or pelvic

193
Q

The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) provides …% of all parasympathetic outflow

A

75%

194
Q

T or F
All ANS preganglionic fibres release acetylcholine

A

T

195
Q

T or F
No sympathetic postganglionic fibres release Ach

A

F
Some do

196
Q

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibres release …

A

norepinephrine

197
Q

Fibres releasing Ach are called … fibres.
Fibres releasing norepinephrine are called … fibres

A

cholinergic
adrenergic

198
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

199
Q

T or F
Nicotinic receptors are GPCRs

A

F
Muscarinic receptors are

200
Q

T or F
Muscarinic receptors are cation channels

A

F
Nicotinic receptors are

201
Q

… receptors bind epinephrine and norepinephrine with differing affinities

A

Adrenergic

202
Q

T or F
Adrenergic receptors are GPCRs

A

T

203
Q

Adrenergic receptors are found on … target organs

A

sympathetic

204
Q

Each division of the ANS can be stimulated locally through … reflexes

A

visceral

205
Q

Localised reflex of the parasympathetic or sympathetic NS?
Swallowing reflex
Pupil size changes

A

Swallowing reflex = Para
Pupil size change = symp

206
Q

The … Ns can respond by
mass discharge

A

sympathetic

207
Q

Why does the sympathetic NS have a generalised response (mass discharge)?

A

– Amplified by hormonal response (adrenal medullae)
– Preganglionic neurons diverge to form synapses with many different
ganglionic neurons

208
Q

Mass discharge can be activated by … or …

A

mental or physical stress

209
Q

T or F
Sensory receptors are most sensitive to one type of stimulus

A

T

210
Q

Stimulus energy (eg. Pressure, temp. etc) must be converted to … to be perceived

A

electrical energy

211
Q

Each stimulus type causes stimulation of the cortex
through a different …

A

labelled line

212
Q

Stimulus intensity is determined by which two things?

A
  1. Frequency of action potentials
    – Strong stimulus = more frequent action
    potentials
  2. Number of receptors activated
    – Strong stimulus = more receptors activated
213
Q

The location of a stimulus is determined by stimulation of a …

A

receptive field

214
Q

Sensory information about touch, pressure, vibration, pain and
temperature will go to the …

A

primary somatosensory cortex

215
Q

T or F
All receptors adapt to constant stimulation

A

F
Most

216
Q

What are the main differences between tonic and phasic receptors?

A

Tonic receptors
– Adapt slowly (or not at all)
– Constant response to stimuli
– Eg. Pain receptors
* Phasic receptors
– Adapt quickly
– Responds to changes in stimuli
– Pressure receptors

217
Q

What are the three types of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • Tactile receptors (touch, pressure & vibration)
    – Baroreceptors (pressure eg. Blood vessels)
    – Proprioceptors (position of joints & muscles)
218
Q

…receptors provide info about touch, pressure & vibration

A

Mechano

219
Q

What are the 6 types of tactile receptors in the skin?

A

Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Tactile discs
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles

220
Q

Pain is detected by …

A

nociceptors

221
Q

Pain is associated with emotional and behavioral responses due to nociceptors activation of the … and … systems

A

hypothalamus
limbic

222
Q

Fast pain is transmitted over … fibres whilst slow pain is transmitted over … fibres

A

A-delta fibres (myelinated axons)
C fibres (unmyelinated axons)

223
Q

T or F
Fast pain is poorly localised and slow pain is easily localised

A

F
vice versa

224
Q

What are the two types of thermoreceptors?

A

warmth & cold

225
Q

Temperature extremes are detected by …

A

nociceptors

226
Q

Perception of hot or cold
depends on the … &
… of receptor
stimulation

A

combination
intensity

227
Q

T or F
Thermoreceptors are fast adapting phasic receptors

A

T

228
Q

T or F
Each muscle fibre has two neuromuscular junctions

A

F
Each muscle fibre only has one neuromuscular junction

229
Q
A

BIOM1052 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions