W3: Erythropoiesis and Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?
What is ECF made of?
role of plasma?

A

a) connective tissue with cells in fluid matrix
b) interstitial fluid and plasma
- plasma= acts as buffer, deliver waste/nutrient (to cell and removal)

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2
Q

What does blood contain?
what proteins?
proteins travel inactivated or activated?

A
  • plasma, mainly water,
  • protein (lots of diff types- albumins, globulins= immunoglobulin), fibrinogen- for clotting
  • proteins inactivated ‘inogen’= inactive, active= change name
  • gases: CO2 and O2

all needed for homeostasis

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3
Q

Which plasma protein is most in the blood?

A
  • albumin= heaps. transport (60%), made in liver then release to blood to circulate.
  • proteins= fluid movement, creates osmotic gradient for molecules to move.
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4
Q

Blood composition

If you took blood, let it clot, there would be fluid on top separate and cellular heavier part. What cells are these?

A

cellular element : RBC (majority), WBC (1%) and platelets

  • WBC = 5 types, key to immune response
    lymph, monocytes= globular larger nuclei, a-granular (no granules)
    Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils= cluster nuclei with granulocyte clusters
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5
Q

Cellular Constituents of Blood

  • diff btw WBC and RBC
A
  • RBC aka erythrocytes ‘red cells’, role in gas transport,
  • no nuclei, concave

WBC= larger, act ON tissue (vs RBC just in blood)

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6
Q

What different processes of Haematopoiesis are there?

List in order from the highest volume, the layers of blood once centrifuged.

A
  • means make blood
  • aka erythopoeisis (RBC)
  • cell= RBC 45%, buffy coat- WBC/platelet 1% white layer, Plasma 55%
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7
Q

Why do we need hematopoiesis?

A
  • blood cells turnover, need process, esp WBC
  • RBC ~120 days, bc no nucleus so it breaks down, need to prod
  • WBC- hrs to years. bc nature of it moving out to tissue we can’t study it well, so estimate
  • platelets- no internal elements so can’t regenerate so few days
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8
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place?

A

bone marrow since we are young
- made in early embryo, as organs dev. blood flow and transport important, WBC needed to fight infections
- all bone marrow in bone contribute
- older and mature= pelvis, spine, long proximal bones
- active marrow= reddy colour
- inactive marrow= yellow colour
- turnover WBC more than RBC
- starts with stem cell: Bone marrow transplant for blood based disorders

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9
Q

What is Erythropoiesis?
What is at the start of the process?
How much RBC is produced?

A
  • make RBC
  • 2.5 billion per kg/day :O
  • begines with stem cell= haematopoetic
  • prelim cells= erythroblasts
  • change in size/composition= lose organelle, day 15= typical RBC look, bit of lil nucleus
  • mature= reticularcytes= pre mature erythrocyte
  • # reticularcytes, lose organells= mature E (takes 20 days ish)
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10
Q

Maturation to erythrocytes
- importance of RBC shape
- how long does it take for RBC to mature and where do they go?

A
  • lose cell size as mature, change to biconcave shape
  • movement into cell and spleen
  • pink red due to Hb
  • sack full of Hb= binds O2/CO2 to transport
  • ~ gas cells
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11
Q

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Hb composition
  • where O2 binds
A

Hb= 4 protein chain ( 2b and 2 a), in the middle of globulin chain= 4 heme groups with IRON core (collective= porforrin ring= where O2 binds, up to 4 O2)
- iron core + 4 O2 binds
huge O2 store of O2 in body.

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12
Q

Importance of Iron
- how is iron obtained?
- what destroys dead RBC?
- how is dead RBC removed?

A
  • O2 carrying capacity
  • use iron to make it to Hg, need to consume it externally= DIET in order to make healthy RBC in body.

iron + heme group + O2= circulating RBC (degrades by spleen)

  • RBC excreted as bilirubin or recycled.
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13
Q

Erythropoiesis
- control of process
- what do we need for RBC prod

A
  • controlled by protein called EPO which is sometimes considered a hormone, large glycoprotein + other cytokines that can contribute
  • EPO made by kidneys,

Negative feedback::
- RBC prod triggered by LOW levels of blood= low O2 carrying capacity= recieved by kidneys, sends signal for body to make EPO goes to BM receptor (bone marrow generates) release to circulation
- O2 carrying capacity is normal

Before synthetic EPO (NOW BANNED): blood doping= trigger low O2, so body produce EPO (increase RBC, makes blood thick, dangerous)

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14
Q

body recycles what?

A
  • can use iron, Hg component again in body
  • dw too much
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15
Q

Anaemia
- prevalence
- nature
- diff ways anemia can occur

A
  • 25% population anaemic
  • anemia= poor number or quality of RBC, e.g. shape bad= no exchange, blockages etc
    -e.g. BM issue, condition causing destruction, or trauma losing blood
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16
Q

Different presentations of anaemia

A
  • hypochromatic= most common, due to Hg prod (thalassemia)
  • microcytic: iron def (hypochromatic)
  • Macrocytic: swollen. larger, function bad bc no convcave= no exchange
  • Normocytic: less RBC in body
17
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia

A
  • hypochromatic + monochromatic= anemia mainly takes place
  • e.g. youth growth spurt needs iron or bocdy comp. // poor diet (low socioeconomic, no nutrients), not eating meats, blood loss.
18
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

-know that this is when RBC is smaller.
much smaller, looks damaged compared to normal RBC
- Histology: good= yellow light middle, larger= thick
- causes: genetic/prod of Hg

19
Q

large RBC are calleed_____?

What is the cause?

A
  • rare prev.
  • due to Vit B12 deficiency.
  • issue uptake of V12 in body= pernicious anemia, WBC needed for immune, e.g. surgery in gut
  • alcohol: gen have anemia
20
Q

common in people who my lose blood vol due to e.g. pregnancy/ or secondary condition?

A
21
Q

Anaemia etiology & symptoms

A

signs: mainly women, lots of kids due to growth, ATSI have prev
- tired, dizz

severe: heart palp
signs: pale

22
Q

Oral manifestations of anaemia

A
  • smooth tongue= atrophic glossus
  • cracked skin= at angle of mouth iron def.
23
Q

Which organs important in making RBC?

A
  • essential o(make), GIT (absorb), excrete organs that make EP: BM, kidney, spleen/liver (to bilirubin)
24
Q
A

LO