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BDS4 ORAL SURGERY > Microbiology & Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

What growth conditions do aerobic microorganisms require?

A

oxygen

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2
Q

What growth conditions do capnophilic microorganisms require?

A

carbon dioxide

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3
Q

What growth conditions do facultative microorganisms require?

A

with & without oxygen

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4
Q

What growth conditions do strictly anaerobic microorganisms require?

A

without oxygen

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5
Q

What type of organism is Prevotella Intermedia?

A

gram negative

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6
Q

In which dental conditions might you find prevotella intermedia?

A

periodontal disease

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7
Q

What is antimicrobial resistance?

A

Microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites CHANGE in ways that render the medications used to cure the infections they cause ineffective

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8
Q

What are the two types of antimicrobial resistance?

A
  • intrinsic resistance
  • acquired resistance (mutation or acquisition of new DNA)
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9
Q

What can cause antimicrobial resistance?

A

Resistance by enzyme inactivation
- enzymes destroy antibiotics or prevent binding to target sites

Improper use of antibiotics (eg finishing course early)

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10
Q

What are beta-lactamases?

A

Important group of resistance mechanisms in bacteria

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11
Q

What would be the last therapeutic option to treat complex infections caused by MDR bacteria?

A

Carbapenems

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12
Q

What does ESBL stand for?

A

extended spectrum beta lactamase

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13
Q

How can periapical infection occur?

A
  • infection via carious cavity or traumatised crown
  • infection via periodontal ligament
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14
Q

how can dental abscess infections be described?

A
  • endogenous
  • often mixed infections by mixture of microorganisms
  • strict anaerobes important
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15
Q

what does endogenous mean?

A

our OWN microflora causes infection

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16
Q

What would be the idea specimen of a dental abscess?

A

ASPIRATED PUS (with no saliva etc.)

17
Q

What microorganisms can cause periodontal abscesses?

A
  • anaerobic streptococci
  • prevotella intermedia
18
Q

what microorganisms cause pericoronitis?

A
  • p. intermedia
  • s. anginosus
19
Q

when should antibiotics be given for pericoronitis? what antibiotic would be given?

A

ONLY if systemic signs/symptoms
- metronidazole

20
Q

does dry socket require antibiotic treatment?

A

NO

21
Q

What predisposes a patient to development of osteomyelitis of the jaw?

A
  • bisphosphonate therapy (MRONJ)
  • impaired vascularity of bone (radiotherapy, Paget’s disease)
  • foreign bodies (implants)
  • compound fractures
  • impaired host defences (diabetes)
22
Q

What type of microorganism causes osteomyelitis of the jaws?

A
  • anaerobic gram negative rods
  • anaerobic streptococci
23
Q

Give examples of microorganisms found in osteomyelitis of the jaws?

A
  • S. anginosus
  • S. aureus
24
Q

What microorganism can cause salivary gland infection?

A
  • S. aureus
25
Q

How are salivary gland infections treated?

A
  • drainage (painful especially if parotid due to capsule)
  • prescribe flucloxacillin & metronidazole
26
Q

What MUST YOU DO when you come across microbiological infections in dentistry?

A
  1. Document your diagnosis
  2. Document antibiotic choice, dose, route & duration
  3. Document a review date
  4. Document deviation from guidance
27
Q

What is SOI? What does it mean?

A

severe odontogenic infection
- spread of infection into tissue planes
- systemic symptoms & signs of sepsis

28
Q

what is Ludwig’s angina?

A

Bilateral infection of submandibular space

29
Q

What bacteria causes Ludwig’s angina?

A
  • anaerobic gram negative bacilli = prevotella intermedia
  • S. anginosus
  • anaerobic streptococci
30
Q

what microorganism must you watch out for in cases of severe odontogenic infections?

A

S. aureus
- can be fatal

31
Q

What SIMD group is most commonly hospitalised from dental infection?

A

SIMD1
(most deprived areas)

32
Q

What is the key management strategy for severe odontogenic infection?

A

REMOVAL OF SOURCE OF INFECTION

33
Q

what is sepsis?

A

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

34
Q

What is our roles as GDPs in SOI and Ludwig’s angina?

A

Sepsis detection!
- any signs of SIRS

35
Q

What are the red flag signs of sepsis?

A
  • systolic BP <90mmHG
  • HR >130 bpm
  • RR >25 per min
36
Q

What does S, I & R mean for a choice of antibiotic?

A

S = susceptible at standard dose
I = increased exposure (increased dose)
R = resistant even with increased exposure/dose

37
Q

what clinical confounding variables can contribute to antibiotic resistance?

A
  • Co-morbidities
  • Pus collections
  • Site of infection
  • Foreign bodies
  • Biofilm
38
Q

what is antimicrobial stewardship?

A

organisational or healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness

BDS4 ORAL SURGERY (16 decks)

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