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AP Bio > Chem Review > Flashcards

Chem Review Flashcards

1
Q

A Trace Element

A

required only in minute amounts by living organisms

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2
Q

Elements cannot?

A

be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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3
Q

What is mass number?

A

the amount of protons + nuetrons

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4
Q

What is atomic number?

A

number of protons

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5
Q

What are electron shells?

A

The energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

Where electrons are found in an atom during a chemical reation

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7
Q

whats van der Waals interaction

A

ability of atoms and molecules to stick together due to ever-changing regions of positive and negative charges

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8
Q

covalent bonds are…

A

sharing of electrons

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9
Q

How many covalent bonds can oxygen make

A

2

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10
Q

How do you know how many covalent bonds an atom can make?

A

By knowing how far away they are from a noble gas

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11
Q

What charge is Hydrogen

A

positive

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12
Q

What is cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds can hold the atoms of a substance together

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13
Q

What is heat?

A

A measure of matter’s total kinetic energy due to motion of its molecules

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14
Q

What is a Calorie

A

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C

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15
Q

What is Evaporative Cooling

A

the “hottest” molecules, or the ones with the most kinetic energy, are leaving the surface as a gas.

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16
Q

What is heat of vaporization

A

The amount of heat 1 gram of a liquid must absorb to become a gas is known as

17
Q

What does a solvent do

A

it dissolves things

18
Q

What does a solute do

A

it gets dissolved

19
Q

Whats a hydration shell

A

When a substance such as salt is dissolved in water, the ions will separate and become surrounded by water molecules

20
Q

Whats a colliod

A

when substances that are too large to dissolve in water will remain suspended in the water

21
Q

Whats the name of OH-

A

hydroxide ion

22
Q

Whats the nanme of H3O+

A

hydronium ion

23
Q

Whats a buffer?

A

A substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution

24
Q

What determines the cohesiveness of water moloecules?

A

hydrogen bonds

25
Q

In a molecule of water, the oxygen atom does not share electrons equally with the two hydrogen atoms. This results in

A

Polar covalent bonding

26
Q

Why are we able to sweat

A

The absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

27
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula that have differences in covalent arrangement of atoms

28
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

Two organic molecules with the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures

29
Q

What are enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

30
Q

What is a hydroxyl group?

A

-OH

31
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

carbon double bonded to oxygen

32
Q

What is a carboxyl group?

A

carbon bonded to OH and double bonded to O

33
Q

What is an amino group?

A

NH2

34
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

carbon bonded to 3 H

35
Q

Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom?

A

carbon has valence of 4

36
Q

What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon have a tendency to form?

A

covalent bonds

37
Q

Amino acids are always acids because they possess which functional group?

A

Carboxyl

38
Q

explain ocean acidification

A

When atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with water to form carbonic acid

39
Q

explain acid precipitation

A

As fossil fuels are burned, it causes sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to be released in the atmosphere. These compounds react with water vapor to form strong acids that can then condense and fall to Earth

AP Bio (16 decks)

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