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GCSE biology > Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms require specialised exchange surface?

A

Small SA/V ratio, diffusion insufficient to provide all cells with the required oxygen and nutrients, and to remove all waste products and exchange surfaces increase rate of diffusion and shorten diffusion distance

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2
Q

Why do some multicellular organisms not require specialised exchange surfaces?

A

Terese have a large number of leaves which provide a large SA/V ration for diffusion

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3
Q

How does the size of an organism affect its surface area to volume ratio?

A

The larger the organism, the smaller the SA/V

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4
Q

What are some of the substances transported into and out of the human body?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved food molecules and urea

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5
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave cells?

A

They diffuse into and out of cells

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6
Q

How does water enter cells?

A

It diffuses into cells by osmosis

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7
Q

How do food molecules and mineral ions enter cells?

A

They are dissolved in water which diffuses into cells

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8
Q

Why must urea be excreted from the body?

A

It’s a waste product so must be excreted

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9
Q

How is urea excreted from the body?

A

Urea diffuses out of cells into the blood plasma, the kidney filters urea out of the blood and urea is excreted in urine

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10
Q

Why must the human body exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment?

A

Oxygen is required for respiration so diffuses into the body and carbon dioxide is toxic waste product of respiration so diffuses out the body

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11
Q

How does oxygen enter and carbon dioxide leave the bloodstream?

A

Oxygen diffuses from air in the alveoli into blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveoli

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12
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

Large surface area, network of capillaries provide a good blood supply, rapid blood flow maintains a steep concentration gradient, thin walls give a short diffusion distance, cell walls have partially permeable membrane enabling diffusion and moist lining which enables gases to dissolve

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13
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Diffusion distance, concentration gradient and surface area

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14
Q

How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the distance distance, the further the molecules must travel and the slower the rate of diffusion

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15
Q

How does concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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16
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area, the greater the number of molecules that can diffuse across in a given time, so the faster the rate of diffusion

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17
Q

How can the rate of diffusion be calculated?

A

Surface area x concentration gradient / thickness of membrane

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18
Q

What is respiration?

A

A process that releases energy in the form of ATP from the breakdown of organic compounds

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19
Q

What is ATP?

A

Short term energy store in all cells and is universal energy carrier

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20
Q

Why must respiration occur continuously in living cells?

A

ATP is required for many essential processes in living cells

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21
Q

Why type of reaction is respiration?

A

It’s an exothermic reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

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22
Q

Where do plants get the glucose required for respiration?

A

They produce their own glucose during photosynthesis

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23
Q

Where do animals get the glucose required for respiration?

A

From the breakdown of carbohydrates that they have ingested

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24
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

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25
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration in the presence of oxygen that forms ATP from the breakdown of glucose

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26
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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27
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

28
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration that takes place without oxygen and forms ATP from the breakdown of glucose

29
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in human cells?

A

During vigorous exercise

30
Q

When may anaerobic respiration take place in plant cells?

A

If the soil becomes waterlogged

31
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

Glucose -> lactic acid (+ATP)

32
Q

Why may anaerobic respiration in muscle cells eventually stop?

A

Lactic acid build-up inhibits anaerobic respiration

33
Q

What are the symptoms of lactic acid build-up?

A

Cramp and fatigue

34
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ATP)

35
Q

Why is aerobic or anaerobic respiration more efficient?

A

Aerobic respiration is more efficient as it produce more molecules of ATP than anaerobic respiration

36
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

Network of organs and vessels, enables the flow of blood and transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and other molecules around the body

37
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

38
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Erythrocytes

39
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport O2 from lungs to tissues and transport CO2 from tissues to lungs

40
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen to body cells?

A

Lung, haemoglobin in RBCs binds reversibly with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin and tissues, oxyhemoglobin breaks down to form haemoglobin and oxygen which diffuses into cells

41
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Biconcave disk gives large SA/V ratio, increasing diffusion rate, lack nucleus, allowing more space for haemoglobin molecules, small and flexible so they can squeeze through capillaries and thin giving a short diffusion distance

42
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Provide immunological protection

43
Q

What are two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

44
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Type of WBC and engulf pathogens and digest them in a process known as phagocytosis

45
Q

What is lymphocytes?

A

Type of WBC, produce antibodies specific to a pathogen and produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins

46
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Role in blood clotting

47
Q

What is plasma?

A

Pale-yellow liquid portion of the blood and contains proteins, nutrients, waste products, hormones and antibodies

48
Q

How is plasma adapted to its function?

A

Plasma consists mainly of water, this acts as a solvent, enabling the transport of materials around the body

49
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessel?

A

Arteries, capillaries and veins

50
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart under high pressure

51
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function?

A

Narrow lumen maintains high pressure, thick walk to withstand high pressure, thick layer of smooth muscle provide strength, thick layer of elastic fibres callow stretch and recoil, smooth inner lining to reduce friction and no values

52
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Return blood to the heart under low pressure

53
Q

How are veins adapted to their function?

A

Large lumen eases blood flow, thin wall as blood at low pressure, thin layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibres and valves prevent back flow of blood

54
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Allow the exchange of materials at tissues

55
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

Form large network so greater surface area for diffusion, walls one cell thick giving a short diffusion distance, walls permeable allowing the exchange of substances and narrow lumen decreases diffusion distance

56
Q

What are the double circulatory system in humans?

A

Blood flows through the heart twice in two circuits: pulmonary and systemic circuit

57
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Part of the circulatory system involving the right side of the heart, deoxygenated blood is transported to the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs and oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart

58
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Part of the circulatory system involving the left side of the heart, oxygenated blood is pumped to tissues and organs around the body, exchange of materials occurs at tissues and deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart

59
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Left and Right atrium, Left and Right ventricle

60
Q

What is pathway of blood around the body, naming the structure of the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> body -> vena cava -> right atrium-> right ventricle-> pulmonary artery -> lungs

61
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

It pumps blood a further distance and it must generate a greater force of concentration so blood can be pumped at a higher pressure

62
Q

What is the function of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

63
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute

64
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one contraction

65
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart contracts in one minute

66
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

GCSE biology (9 decks)

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