Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology - Test 3 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

0
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Chronic, systemic disorder characterized by the abnormal transport of glucose from the blood into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What race is most affected by diabetes?

A

Hispanics and AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are effects of diabetes?

A

Alters metabolism, results in hyperglycemia, long-term damage to organs, and increased risk of death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of diabetes?

A

Type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the percentages of each of the types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 - 10%

Type 2 - 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin is NOT produced by the pancreas - autoimmune destruction of B-cells in Islets of Langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin IS produced but in insufficient amounts or cells become resistant to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

High blood glucose levels in a pregnant woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pathophysiology theory of GD?

A

Placenta releases hormones to support fetal growth and hormones block the action of insulin in the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during gestational diabetes?

A

Fetus exposed to high levels of glucose, tries to produce insulin in order to lower blood glucose, high blood glucose is stored as fat resulting in a larger baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are birthing effects of gestational diabetes?

A

Birthing injuries, low blood glucose at birth (breathing issues), excessive insulin (weight problems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of diabetes is a mother with gestational diabetes at risk for?

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

A

Sibling or parent with type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are risk factors of type 2?

A

Family history, ethnicity, age >45, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, history of GD or having a child born >9 lbs, HTN, low HDL, and smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Insulin is a _______ of glucose.

A

TRANSPORTER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Stimulates protein synthesis and storage of fat - takes glucose and brings it into the cell so that the cell can use glucose to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the physiology of a normal person regarding a meal?

A

Eat a meal, blood glucose elevated, stimulation of beta cells, insulin secreted by pancreas, glucose transported into cells/stored as glycogen, and blood glucose is normalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the physiology of pre-diabetes and diabetes with regards to a meal?

A

Eat a meal, blood glucose elevated, stimulation of beta cells…

Type 1 - insufficient insulin produced or absent insulin secreted
Type 2 - cells insensitive to insulin

…glucose not transported to the cells, blood glucose elevated, liver converts glycogen to glucose, BLOOD GLUCOSE FURTHER ELEVATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are issues with a person with diabetes?

A

Decreased ability to utilize glucose for cellular work, increased fat mobilization as an energy source, and impaired ability to utilize protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which cells require insulin to transport glucose?

A

Skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which cells do NOT require insulin to transport glucose?

A

Nerves, blood cells, intestines, liver, and brain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of diabetes are effects more pronounced?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are effects on the body of DM?

A

Kidneys attempt to rid excess glucose by secreting it into the urine –> polyuria, dehydration, and polydipsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does fat breakdown/mobilization result in?

A

Ketones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What organs excrete ketones?

A

Kidneys and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do ketones affect?

A

Acid-base balance (cause acidosis), cause diuresis –> increased risk of electrolyte abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of diabetes is more likely to experience ketoacidosis?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What impact does DM have on healing?

A

Impaired protein utilization - AA require insulin for transport, decreased inflammatory response, and decreased tissue repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are symptoms of Type 1?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurry vision, ketoacidosis, weakness, fatigue, and dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are symptoms of type 2?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, overweight, blurry vision (glucose affects fluid balance in the eyes), weakness, fatigue, and dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Can type 2 diabetes be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How is diabetes diagnosed?

A 
Casual plasma glucose >200 mg/dL
Fasting plasma glucose > or equal to 126 mg/dL
2-hour post load glucose >200mg/dL
or 
A1C > or equal to 6.5%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are normal glucose levels?

A

Fasting plasma glucose 70-99 mg/dL

OGTT (sugary drink) <5.7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are pre-diabetic glucose levels?

A

Fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL

Random glucose 140-199 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does glucose attach to?

A

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When is hemoglobin A1C formed?

A

When glucose binds to hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the normal life span of a RBC?

A

90-120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does HBA1C represent?

A

Long-term indication of blood glucose levels - represents glucose control over the previous 2 MONTHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Glucose is controlled well if..

A

HBA1C is < or equal to 7%

39
Q

What does each 1% increase in HBA1C denote?

A

30 mg/dL increase in glucose

40
Q

How is DM monitored?

A
  1. Fingerstick method performed several times per day

2. A1C performed ~every 3 months

41
Q

Is there a cure for DM?

A

NO

42
Q

What is the goal of treatment for DM?

A

Control blood glucose through diet, exercise, CV management, and medications

43
Q

What are the four types of exogenous injectable insulin?

A

Rapid acting (2-4 hours), “regular” or short acting (3-6 hours), intermediate acting (12-18 hours), and long acting (24 hours)

44
Q

What is important regarding oral diabetes medications?

A

Different medications act on different parts of the cell

45
Q

What are the two types of treatment for DM?

A
  1. Exercise

2. Diet

46
Q

What are the effects of exercise for DM?

A

Improves glucose transport, increases carb metabolism, increases HDL, decreases BP, and mediates stress, anxiety, and mood

47
Q

What are the effects of diet for DM?

A

Cardiopreventative diet and monitoring amount of sugars, starches, and carbs ingested

48
Q

What are the causes for type 1 hyperglycemia?

A

Person did not get enough insulin - in addition: had a larger meal than expected, exercised LESS than expected, and stress levels are high

49
Q

What are the causes for type 2 hyperglycemia?

A

Medications are not sufficient - in addition: had a larger meal than expected, exercised LESS than expected, and stress levels are high

50
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia?

A

High blood sugar, polyurea, and polydipsia

51
Q

What are symptoms of ketoacidosis?

A

SOB, fruity smelling breath, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and (+) ketones in urine

52
Q

If blood glucose is _____ do not exercise?

A

> 300 mg/dL

53
Q

If patient has type ___ diabetes and blood glucose is ________ check for ketones.

A

Type 1; >250 mg/dL

54
Q

Can you exercise if ketones are present?

A

NO

55
Q

What is the blood glucose level associated with hypoglycemia?

A

<70 mg/dL

56
Q

What are causes of hypoglycemia?

A

Too much insulin injected, skipped meals, or overexertion/exercise

57
Q

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Diaphoresis, weakness, nervousness, convulsion, tachycardia, shakiness, headache, blurred vision, confusion, or coma

58
Q

What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Eat 15 grams of carbs

2. Test blood glucose 15 minutes after eating

59
Q

What do you do if blood glucose is still <70 mg/dL after 15 grams of carbs have been consumed?

A

Eat another 15 grams and notify physician

60
Q

What do you do if blood glucose is >70 mg/dL after 15 grams of carbs have been consumed?

A

Eat a light snack depending on medicine and activity

61
Q

What are some examples of 15 grams of carbs?

A

3-4 glucose tablets, 3 sugar packets, 7 saltines, 5-6 lifesavers, 4 oz. juice, 4 oz. regular soda

62
Q

Can hypoglycemia be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

63
Q

What percentage of body weight lose can improve diabetes?

A

7%

64
Q

What are the two types of long term effects of diabetes?

A
  1. Macrovascular

2. Microvascular

65
Q

What type of LTE of diabetes accounts for mortality?

A

Macrovascular

66
Q

What are some types of macrovascular effects of DM?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis
  2. PAD
  3. HTN
  4. Infections
  5. Neuropathy
67
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

2 fold increase in men for MI, 4 fold increase in women for MI, or 2 fold increase for CVA - increased fat in blood which leads to earlier onset of CAD

68
Q

What are causes of atherosclerosis?

A

High levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor, fibrinogen levels are elevated and fibrinolysis activity is decreased, and platelet function is abnormal

69
Q

What are abnormal functions of platelets?

A

Increased viscosity, increased resistance to flow, and microemboli

70
Q

What fraction of PAD related diabetes have claudication?

A

1/3

71
Q

What percentage of PAD diabetes have amputations?

A

55% in 5 years

72
Q

What are LTE regarding HTN?

A

Increased plaques which increases workload on heart - patient is at risk for HF because LV has to work a lot harder than normal

73
Q

What are LTE regarding infections?

A

Decreased wound healing and decreased sensation of skin breakdown - dryer skin and peripheral neuropathy (can’t sense irritation in the foot)

74
Q

What are risk factors of diabetic foot ulcers?

A

Poor or absent sensation, altered perfusion, obesity, shear forces in the foot, scar tissue changes force distribution, poor healing, muscle weakness, dry skin from poor sweating mechanisms, poor vasculature, and poor skin care

76
Q

What are LTE regarding nephropathy?

A

Kidney problems - thickening of glomerular basement membrane causing renal failure and dialysis

77
Q

What are LTE regarding retinopathy?

A

Effect the lens or retina due to increased water pressure in the eye from high glucose levels, microvascular occlusion of the retina, and blurred vision or vision loss

78
Q

What are some effects of the MS regarding diabetes?

A
  1. Syndrome of limited joint mobility
  2. Stiff hand syndrome
  3. Dupuytren’s contracture
  4. Carpal tunnel
  5. Adhesive capsulitis
  6. Osteoporosis
79
Q

What are symptoms of limited joint mobility syndrome?

A

Painless, stiffness, decreased ROM, and flexion contractures

80
Q

What are symptoms related to stiff hand syndrome?

A

Paresthesia, stiffness, and may cause pain

81
Q

What type of diabetes is more likely to develop stiff hand syndrome?

A

Type 1

82
Q

What is Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

Flexion contracture of palmar fascia - flexion of the last two digits

83
Q

What are the types of neuropathy associated with DM?

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Autonomic
84
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

Decreased vascularization of nerves

85
Q

What type of neuropathy is most common?

A

Sensory

86
Q

How does neuropathy tend to present?

A

BILATERAL and DISTALLY

87
Q

What are symptoms of neuropathy?

A

Loss of sweating (dry skin, poor temperature control, and skin changes) and person cannot tell when they have angina

88
Q

What can diabetic ulcers lead to?

A

Osteomyelitis, gangrene, and amputation

89
Q

What are causes of amputations?

A

PVD, trauma, infection, congenital limb malformation, and tumors

90
Q

Where do most amputations occur?

A

RLE

91
Q

What is the incisional procedure for amputations?

A

Transect nerves, arteries and veins, smooth out bony prominences, detach muscles and attach antagonist MS group, and closure of skin

92
Q

What effect good outcomes of amputations?

A

Non-adherent muscles, intact skin with good vascular supply (needed for prosthesis), enough subcutaneous tissue to withstand weight bearing forces, and good skin hygiene

93
Q

What is the treatment for amputations?

A
  1. Prophylactic antibiotics

2. Monitor CBC, CRP, albumin (>3.5), and hemoglobin (>10) levels

94
Q

What are complications associated with amputations?

A

Infection, osteomyelitis, skin breakdown, blood clot, neuroma, contractures, pain/phantom pain

95
Q

What are causes of UE amputations?

A

Trauma, infections, or burns

96
Q

What are PT implications for amputations?

A

Pain management, edema management, shaping of the stump, correcting/avoiding abnormal movement patterns, wound care, prosthesis fitting, and emotional support

97
Q

What is an example of a microvascular LTE?

A

Retinopathy

Pathophysiology - Test 3 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions