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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mass and charge of a neutron

A

1 amu; no charge

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2
Q

what is the mass and charge of a proton

A

1 amu; positively charged

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3
Q

what is the mass and charge of an electron

A

no mass; negatively

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4
Q

what is an atom or group of atoms with either a positive or negative charge called

A

ion

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5
Q

what is a cation

A

reaches stability by losing electron; becomes positively charged

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6
Q

what are common cations in the body

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+

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7
Q

what is an anion.

A

Reaches stability by gaining an electron (negatively charged)

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8
Q

What are common anions in the body

A

Cl-, HCOsub3-, POsub4^3-

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9
Q

what is an ionic bond between

A

a positively charged cation and negatively charged anion

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10
Q

what is an ionic compound

A

structure produced when oppositely charged ions are held together by ionic bonds

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11
Q

when is a covalent bonded molecule created

A

when elements share electrons

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12
Q

when does a molecular compound form

A

when two or more different elements sharing electrons

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13
Q

what are examples of compounds

A

COsub2, water

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14
Q

what are examples of molecules

A

Osub2, Hsub2

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15
Q

what is a single covalent bond

A

one pair of electrons are shared between two atoms

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16
Q

what is a double covalent bond

A

two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

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17
Q

what is a triple covalent bond

A

what 3 pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

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18
Q

what is the relative attraction each atom has for electrons

A

electronegativity

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19
Q

what is a non polar covalent bond

A

equal sharing of electrons between atoms

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20
Q

what is a polar covalent bond

A

unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

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21
Q

what is an example of a non polar molecule

A

Osub2

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22
Q

what is an example of a polar molecule

A

H2O

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23
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule

A

molecules that contain both non polar and polar components

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24
Q

what is an example of an amphipathic molecule

A

phospholipid

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25
Q

is water polar or non polar

A

polar

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26
Q

what is a solvent

A

the liquid that dissolves a solute; in the body it is water

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27
Q

what is a solute

A

substance dissolved in water based off of their chemical properties

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28
Q

what is the universal solvent

A

water

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29
Q

what are substances that dissolve in water

A

ions and polar molecules

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30
Q

what does dissolve mean

A

the ability for a polar molecule to disperse in liquid

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31
Q

what is a hydrophilic substance

A

a substance that dissolves in water

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32
Q

what is the hydration shell

A

the surrounding of a hydrophilic substance with water molecules

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33
Q

what does dissociate mean

A

substances pull apart and separate in water

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34
Q

What are electrolytes

A

substances that dissolve and dissociate in water that can conduct electricity

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35
Q

what are examples of electrolytes

A

salts, acids, and bases

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36
Q

what are nonelectrolytes

A

substances that remain intact when introduced to water and do not conduct electricity

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37
Q

what is an example of a nonelectrolyte

A

glucose

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38
Q

what molecules do not dissolve in water

A

non polar

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39
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water

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40
Q

what is hydrophobic exclusion and what makes this occur

A

the forcing out of non polar molecules due to the hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules

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41
Q

what is hydrophobic interaction

A

the interaction between molecules of the “excluded” non polar substance

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42
Q

What do amphipathic molecules have

A

non polar and polar molecules

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43
Q

what happens when an amphipathic molecules is put into water

A

the polar part dissolves while the non polar region is expelled from the water

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44
Q

What two ions are produced when water dissociates

A

hydrogen ion(H^+) and hydroxide(OH^-); they are equally produced

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45
Q

what is an acid

A

a substance that dissociates in water and gives away a H+ and an anion

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46
Q

Which (base or acid) is a proton donor

A

Acid

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47
Q

What is a base

A

Substance that accepts H+ when added to a solution; decreases concentration of free H+

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48
Q

Which (base or acid) is a proton acceptor

A

Base

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49
Q

Definition of pH

A

Measure of the relative amounts of H+ in the solution

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50
Q

pH scale ranges from 0-14, what range is basic, neutral, & acidic

A

Basic: 8-14, acidic: 1-6, neutral :7

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51
Q

pH has an ____________ relationship with H+ concentration

A

Inverse; when H+ concentration goes up, pH goes down and vice verse

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52
Q

In an acidic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-

A

Higher; lower

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53
Q

In an basic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-

A

Lower; higher

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54
Q

What is neutralization

A

When an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral pH

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55
Q

What is a buffer

A

Single substance or an associated group of substances that help pH changes if either excess acid or base is added

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56
Q

What is a buffer action

A

Either accepts H+ from excess acid or donates H+ to neutralize the excess base

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57
Q

How are mixtures formed

A

By combining 2 or more substances

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58
Q

Mixtures are substances that are mixed, not ______________ changed, the substances in the mixture ________ be separated by physical means

A

Chemically; can

59
Q

A type of water mixture when the material is larger in size than 1mm is mixed with water and does not remain mixed unless in motion

A

Suspension

60
Q

What is an example of a suspension

A

Blood cells w/ plasma

61
Q

Type of water mixture that has medium size particles and remains mixed when not in motion

A

Colloid

62
Q

Example of a colloid

A

Fluid in blood plasma

63
Q

Type of water mixture that is homogenous in which a substance smaller than I nanometer is dissolved in water

A

Solution

64
Q

Example of a solution

A

Sugar in water

65
Q

definition of concentration

A

Amount of solute dissolved in a solution

66
Q

What does the expression of concentration Mass/Volume(M/V) mean

A

Mass of solute per volume of solution

67
Q

What does the expression of concentration Mass/volume percent(M/v) mean

A

Grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solution (ex. Intravenous solution)

68
Q

What does the expression of concentration Molarity mean

A

A measure of the # of moles per liter of solution

69
Q

What does the expression of concentration Molality mean

A

Moles per kilogram of solvent

70
Q

What are osmoles(osm)

A

Unit of measurement for the # of particles in a solution

71
Q

What does osmoses reflect

A

Whether a substance dissolves or dissolves and dissociates

72
Q

for osmality; If a substances dissolves & dissociates, then it counts the __________ # of particles in the solution ________________

A

Total; separately
Ex. CaClsub2 = 3 osm or NaCl= 2 osm

73
Q

If a substance doesn’t diss ociate but dissolves, the substance
Is counted as _____ osm

A

1

74
Q

How can osm be expressed; which is more accurate but difficult to measure

A

Osmolarity or osmolality; osmolality

75
Q

What are biological macromolecules and what do they contain

A

Large organic molecules made by the body; they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (may contain nitrogen, phosphorus, & sulfur

76
Q

What are hydrocarbons, what do they contain, and are they polar or nonpolar

A

Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms; contain functional groups, most are polar & able to bond to hydrogen

77
Q

What are polymers

A

Molecules that are made up of repeating subunits called monomers

78
Q

What is a monomer

A

Create polymers and are identical or similar in chemical structure

79
Q

What kind of monomers do carbs, nuclei acids, and proteins have

A

Sugar, nucleotide, amino acid monomers

80
Q

What does the process of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do

A

Regulates the synthesis or breakdown of complex biomolecules

81
Q

What is dehydration synthesis

A

Creates a water molecule during synthesis of a large molecule from smaller molecules

82
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Requires a water molecule to break apart a large molecule into smaller molecules

83
Q

What are lipids and their functions

A

Not polymers, but diverse fatty, water insoluble (hydrophobic) molecules that store energy, create cellular membranes, and create hormones

84
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipids

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

85
Q

Most common type of lipid

A

Triglycerides

86
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides and what is their structure

A

Used for long-term energy storage in adipose tissue, structural support, cushioning, & insulation of the body; one glycerol molecule (3 carbon structure) & 3 fatty acids (a long chain of hydrocarbons)

87
Q

What are the fatty acid variations and their structure

A

Saturated: lacks double bonds & therefore every carbon is saturated w/hydrogens
Unsaturated: has 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated: as 2 or more double bonds

88
Q

Types of metabolism for lipids

A

Lipogenesis, lipolysis

89
Q

What is lipogenesis

A

Type of metabolism; binding of fatty acids to glycerol to form triglycerides within adipose tissue (which stores fat) dehydration reaction

90
Q

What is lipolysis

A

Break down of triglyceride& release of glycerol & FA’s into the body for energy; hydrolysis reaction

91
Q

What is a phospholipid & its structure

A

Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell/plasma membranes; glycerol molecule bound to a polar phosphate group & 2 fatty acids

92
Q

What is the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid made of

A

Glycerol & phosphate group

93
Q

What is the hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid made up of

A

Fatty acid

94
Q

What are steroids & their structures

A

Ringed structures including some hormones; ringed hydrocarbon structure that contains 4 rings & an R group

95
Q

What are the different types of steroids and their functions

A

Cholesterol: component of the cellular/plasma membrane
Steroid hormones: regulate release of endocrine glands
Bile salts: facilitate digestion of lipids in the gi tract

96
Q

What are eicosanoids and their structures

A

Local acting hormones signaling molecules that primarily function in inflammation & communication; modified 20-carbon fatty acids made from arachidonic acid

97
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Hydrated carbons

98
Q

What is the organization of carbohydrates & their structure

A

Monosaccharides: simple sugar monomers
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides

99
Q

What is glucose & now is it maintained in our body as blood glucose levels

A

Most common monosaccharide in the body because it is the primary nutrient supplying to energy cells; maintainedvia homeostasis & excess glucose is stored

100
Q

What is glycogen

A

Polysaccharide of glucose monomers

101
Q

What are the types of metabolism for glucose and what does it depend on

A

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis; depends on glucose levels

102
Q

What is glycogenesis and where does it occur?

A

Binding of excess glucose to form glycogen; occurs in liver & skeletal muscle

103
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

Type of glucose metabolism; hydrolysis of glycogen to form glucose; occurs when blood glucose levels drop; occurs in liver

104
Q

What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur

A

Type of glucose metabolism; formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (fat & proteins); Occurs in liver

105
Q

What are other monosaccharides (carbs)

A

Dietary: galactose & fructose(can also be used for energy)
Structural: ribose & deoxyribose (used in protein development)

106
Q

What are other disaccharides(carbs) & most common

A

Sucrose (glu-fructose - table sugar)
Lactose (glu galactose; milk sugar)
Maltose (glu - flu; malt sugar)

107
Q

What are other polysaccharides (carbs)

A

Plant starch: digestible in humans & a major source of glucose
Plant cellulose: indigestible in humans & a great source of fiber

108
Q

What are nuclei acids and the type

A

Cellular macromolecules that store & transfer genetic or hereditary info; types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nuclei acid (RNA)

109
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Monomers of nucleic acid

110
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond

A

Covalent bond that links neighboring nucleotide monomers together

111
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide

A

Sugar( deoxyribose for DNA & ribose for RNA)
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base (5 diff. Types)

112
Q

What are the types of nitrogenous bases, their structure, & examples

A

Pyridines: single ring bases (cytosine, uracil, & thymine)
Purines: double ring-bases( guanine & adenine)

113
Q

What is DNA & what nucleotides form it

A

Double stranded nuclei acid that is located within chromosomes, which is the nucleus: A, T, G, C

114
Q

What is RNA

A

Single-stranded nuclei acid located within the cell nucleus & within the cellular cytoplasm

115
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy currency of cell that is produced continuously

116
Q

What is the structure of ATP & how does it work

A

Adenine/nitrogenous base), ribose sugar, & 3 phosphate groups; phosphate bond= energy rich, breaking of the 3rd bond (splitting ATP ) between the last 2 phosphates releases energy to the cell & the cell does work

117
Q

What is adenosine diphosphate (adp)

A

Product of splitting ATP; adenine, ribose sugar, & 2 phosphate groups

118
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A

Catalysts: ex. Enzymes
Defense: ex immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Transport; ex. Circulating transporters (hemoglobin)
Support: ex, supporting proteins (collagens)
Movement: ex. Contractile proteins (actin & myosin)
Regulation: ex, hormones
Storage: ex. Ion binding proteins

119
Q

What is the general protein structure

A

Polymers of 1 or more linear strands of amino acids

120
Q

What are amino acids

A

Monomers of proteins; 20 different ones in the body

121
Q

What makes up amino acids

A

Amine group (-NH2), carbonyl ( -COOH), R group (remainder; changes )

122
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

Covalent bond that links amino acids

123
Q

What are the 2 ends of a peptide bond

A

N- terminal end: the free amine end of the protein
C-terminal end: free carboxyl end of the protein

124
Q

What is a polypeptide

A

Strands of amino acids that contain 21-199 amino acids

125
Q

Protein: strand that consists of more than ________ _________ ________

A

200 amino acids

126
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

Proteins w/ carbohydrates attached

127
Q

What is the primary structure of an amino acid sequence

A

A linear sequence of amino acids bonded together through covalent peptide bonds

128
Q

What is protein conformation

A

Folding of a protein to a 3D shape

129
Q

What are the intramolecular interactions of an amino acid sequence

A

Hydrophobic sections containing nonpolar R groups “tuck” away from water & disulfide bonds form between amino acids that contain sulfhydryl groups(cysteine)

130
Q

What are secondary structures

A

Patterns within a protein that may repeat several times

131
Q

What are the types of secondary structures; their arrangement; & their function

A

Alpha helix ( spiral coil, give elasticity to fibrous proteins )
Beta sheets (planar pleat arrangement, give flexibility to globular proteins)

132
Q

What is a tertiary structure

A

Final 3D shape one I polypeptide chain

133
Q

What types of proteins are involved in a tertiary structure

A

Globular proteins (fold into a spherical shape)
Fibrous proteins: (linear molecules)

134
Q

What is a quaternary structure & what is an example of it

A

2 or more polypeptide chains; hemoglobin has y polypeptide chains & all y have to be present in order to have functional hemoglobin proteins

135
Q

What is a prosthetic group & an example

A

Non protein structures covalently bonded to the protein (ex. The heme in hemoglobin)

136
Q

What is denaturation

A

Disruption or termination of a protein 3D structure

137
Q

What are causes of denaturation

A

Extreme increases in temp: weaken intramolecular interactions that maintain 3D shape
Extreme changes in pH: weaken the electrostatic interactions that hold the 3D shape

138
Q

what is the function of the protein enzyme

A

catalyst

139
Q

what is the function of the protein immunoglobulins(antibodies)

A

defense

140
Q

what is the function of the protein hemoglobin

A

transport

141
Q

what is the function of the protein collagen

A

support

142
Q

what is the function of the protein actin and myosin

A

movement

143
Q

what is the function of the protein of hormones

A

regulation

144
Q

what is the function of ion binding proteins

A

storage

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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