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BSC2085 > Module 1 (LEC): Body Plan and Organization | Cell Biology > Flashcards

Module 1 (LEC): Body Plan and Organization | Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of structural organization?

A

Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism

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2
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • skin & associated components
  • protects body from external environment, excreted waste, detects pain, touch, dehydration, etc.
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3
Q

Skeletal System

A
  • bones & cartilage
  • protects body, provides framework, contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in
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4
Q

Muscular System

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle (found in heart)
  • smooth muscle (found within viscera)
  • enables body to move through muscular contraction and relaxation
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5
Q

Nervous System

A
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
  • central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
  • peripheral nervous system: everything else
  • detects changes, processes impulses, and activates effectors to induce responses
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6
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • endocrine organs: pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal glands
  • also in hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach, and small intestine
  • alter metabolism of target cells
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6
Q

Cardiovascular System

A
  • blood, heart, and blood vessels
  • pumps blood around body through vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients
  • regulates water content of body fluids and temperature
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7
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • air passageways, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the lungs
  • responsible for carbon dioxide/oxygen gas exchange
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7
Q

Lymphatic System

A
  • lymphatic fluid, vessels, nodes, spleen, nodules, and thymus
  • transporting various substances, takes lipids from gastrointestinal tract and transports fluids
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8
Q

Digestive System

A
  • oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
  • responsible for breakdown of food so nutrients can be absorbed
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9
Q

Urinary System

A
  • kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  • filters blood to extract metabolic waste
  • maintain acid-base and mineral balance
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10
Q

Reproductive System

A
  • female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands
  • male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, scrotum
  • females produce oocytes (cells from which egg develops) and men produce sperm
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11
Q

Proper Anatomic Position

A

body upright, facing observer, palms forward

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12
Q

Axial Region

A

head, neck, chest, and trunk

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13
Q

Appendicular Region

A

limps and appendages

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14
Q

Superior

A

above

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15
Q

Inferior

A

below

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16
Q

Medial

A

towards midline of body

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17
Q

Lateral

A

away from midline

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18
Q

Dorsal / Posterior

A

back side of organism

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19
Q

Ventral / Anterior

A

belly side of an organism

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20
Q

Cranial

A

closer to head

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21
Q

Caudal

A

closer to tail

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22
Q

Proximal

A

closer to torso

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23
Q

Distal

A

away from torso

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24
Q

Stimulus

A

disruption in environment

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25
Q

Receptor

A

sensor that detects stimulus

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26
Q

Control Center

A

receives stimulus

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27
Q

Effector

A

relays response

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28
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divides right and left

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29
Q

Transverse

A

divides top and bottom

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30
Q

Coronal

A

divides front and back

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31
Q

The Dorsal Cavity is comprised of which cavities:

A

Cranial and Vertebral

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32
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

brain and meninges

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33
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

spinal cord and spinal nerve roots

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34
Q

The Ventral Cavity is comprised of which cavities:

A

Thoracic, Abdominal (intestines, kidneys), and Pelvic (urinary bladder, genitalia)

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35
Q

The Thoracic Cavity is comprised of:

A

Mediastinum [pericardial] and pleural (lungs)

36
Q

Phospolipids

A

gives fludiity

37
Q

Cholesterol

A

gives structural stability

38
Q

Glycolipids

A

peripheral lipids on outer surface

39
Q

Channel Proteins

A

allow flow of specific ions and permit movement of water (ex. sodium and potassium ion channels)

40
Q

Carrier/Transporter Proteins

A

undergo structural change (active transport) and require ATP (ex. glucose carrier)

41
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

recognize and bind to specific molecules (G protein coupled receptor)

42
Q

Enzymes

A

catalyze specific chemical reactions

43
Q

Cell Adhesion Molecules

A

provide structural support and adhere adjacent cells (ex. desmosomes)

44
Q

Cell Identity Markers

A

enable recognition from other cells (ex. blood type markers)

45
Q

Passive Transport

A

requires no energy

46
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

diffusion of small, nonpolar molecules with no need of extra proteins

47
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

requires membrane channel or carrier protein

48
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules down concentration gradient

49
Q

Active Transport

A

requires transporters and ATP

50
Q

Tonicity

A

measure of difference in osmotic pressure

51
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

concentration of solutes equal

52
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

lower concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (hemolysis, cell ruptures)

53
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

high concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (crenation, cell shrinks)

54
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

uses specific carrier proteins driven by ATP hydrolysis (ex. sodium potassium pump)

55
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

driven by potential energy difference created from sodium potassium pump

56
Q

Endocytosis

A

substance moves into cell

57
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

substance binds to receptor and vesicle forms around it

58
Q

Phagocytosis

A

specialized cells engulf large particles

59
Q

Pinocytosis

A

ingestion of small amount of extracellular fluid

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

substance moves out of cell; packaged in Golgi complex and transported via membrane-bound particles

61
Q

Transcytosis

A

substances moved into, across, and out of a cell

62
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

separates nucleus from cytoplasm

63
Q

Ribosomes

A

where protein synthesis occurs

64
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

regulate movement of substances across nuclear envelope

65
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Nucleoli (ribosomal subunits from rRNA, chromatin contains DNA)

66
Q

Cytosol

A

conduit for chemical reactions to take place

67
Q

Microfilaments

A

provide movement and mechanical support

68
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

cell strength and stability, used for cell adhesion

69
Q

Microtubules

A

cell shape and structure, facilitate movement

70
Q

Centrosomes & Centrioles

A

responsible for formation of mitotic spindles during cell division

71
Q

Cilia

A

hair-like extensions that produce coordinated movement

72
Q

Flagella

A

elongates extensions of cell that generate forward movement

73
Q

Microvilli

A

increase surface area for absorption

74
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

houses ribosomes on external surface, enables synthesized proteins to be processed

75
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

catalyzes chemical reactions and important for hormone synthesis

76
Q

Golgi Complex

A

modifies, sorts, and packages proteins after translation for secretion from a cell

77
Q

Peroxisomes

A

contain oxidases and catalases, critical for removal of toxins from cell

78
Q

Proteasomes

A

degrade damaged or excess proteins

79
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain for ATP production

80
Q

DNA is comprised of:

A

phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)

81
Q

Transcription

A
  • produces mRNA from DNA
  • occurs in nucleus
  • newly formed RNA goes through splicing to remove non-coding regions
82
Q

Translation

A
  • produces protein from mRNA
  • occurs in ribosomes
  • tRNA reads mRNA sequence and catalyzes formation of peptide bonds
83
Q

Interphase

A

G0
G1 - growth, replication of organelles
S - synthesis for DNA replication
G2 - growth continues, completion of replication, energy production for cell division

84
Q

Prophase

A

condensation and extension of mitotic spindles

85
Q

Metaphase

A

alignments of chromosomes

86
Q

Anaphase

A

formation of sister chromatids

87
Q

Telophase

A

nuclear envelope reforms around 2 sets of chromosomes

88
Q

Cytokineses

A

separation of cytoplasm

89
Q

How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?

A

46

BSC2085 (11 decks)

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