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CNA > Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Body Systems and Related Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

When is homeostasis interrupted?

A

When illness or injury occur

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2
Q

Integumentary

A

Skin, nails, hair

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3
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Moving

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4
Q

Nervous

A

Transmits signals between brain and body

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5
Q

Circulatory or cardiovascular

A

Blood throughout body

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6
Q

Respiratory

A

Breathing

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7
Q

Urinary

A

Waste from blood

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8
Q

GI

A

Nutrients and water from food

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9
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones

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10
Q

Reproductive

A

Procreation

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11
Q

Immune and lymphatic

A

Fight viruses

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12
Q

Body systems made of

A

Organs

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13
Q

What are organs

A

Group of tissues that have one function

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14
Q

What are tissues?

A

Group of cells that do similar tasks

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15
Q

What things can cells do?

A

Live, grow and die. Has structure and function. Smallest unit of life

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16
Q

Anterior is AKA ?

A

Ventral
Means front

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17
Q

Posterior is AKA?

A

Dorsal
Means back

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18
Q

Superior

A

Towards head

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19
Q

Inferior

A

Away from head

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20
Q

Medial

A

Towards midline

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21
Q

Lateral

A

To the side. Away from midline

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to torso

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23
Q

Distal

A

Away from torso

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24
Q

Intergument

A

Natural protective covering

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25
Q

How does skin protect you?

A

Protects internal organs. Protects body against entry of bacteria.
Loss of water

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26
Q

Sweat glands

A

Cool body when needed

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27
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil that lubricates skin.

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28
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels

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29
Q

Skin also has

A

Hair follicles and tiny nerve endings

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30
Q

What can skin sense?

A

Heat, cold, pain, touch and pressure

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31
Q

Where is body temperature regulated?

A

Within skin

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32
Q

What do blood vessels do when outside temperature is too high?

A

Dilate to cool off

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33
Q

When do blood vessels constrict?

A

When it is cold. Outside temperature is too cold. Restrict blood reaching skin surface to retain body heat.

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34
Q

Normal signs of skin aging

A

Spots
Less fatty tissue (feeling cold)
Harder, brittle nails.
Dry, itchy, fragile skin

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35
Q

Frequency that older people need baths

A

Once or twice a week

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36
Q

Normal or abnormal: white, reddened or purple areas

A

Abnormal

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37
Q

Normal or abnormal: less elastic skin

A

Normal

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38
Q

Normal or abnormal: blisters or bruises

A

Abnormal

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39
Q

Normal or abnormal: dry, flaking skin

A

Abnormal

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40
Q

Normal or abnormal: swelling skin

A

Abnormal

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41
Q

Normal or abnormal: changed skin temperature

A

Abnormal

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42
Q

Human body has how many bones?

A

206

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43
Q

What does musculoskeletal system do?

A

Give structure and move

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44
Q

Point where two bones meet

A

Joint

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45
Q

What connects muscles to bone

A

Tendons

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46
Q

What do muscles do?

A

Produce heat and move

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47
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle wastes away and becomes weak

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48
Q

Contracture

A

Muscle or tendon shortens and becomes inflexible. Freezes.

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49
Q

Normal or abnormal: muscles weaken and lose tone?

A

Normal

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50
Q

Normal or abnormal: body movement slows

A

Normal

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51
Q

Normal or abnormal: loss of bone density

A

Normal

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52
Q

Normal or abnormal: joints stiffen and height is lost

A

Normal

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53
Q

Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform routine

A

Abnormal

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54
Q

Normal or abnormal: changes in ability to perform ROM

A

Abnormal

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55
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of joints

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56
Q

Causes of arthritis

A

Age
Injury
Illness

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57
Q

Autoimmune illness

A

Body’s immune system attacks normal tissue

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58
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune
Red, swollen, painful joints.
Movement is eventually restricted

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59
Q

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Fever
Fatigue
Weight loss

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60
Q

Osteoarthritis is AKA

A

Degenerative joint disease

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61
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Caused by injury. Usually weight bearing joints. (Hips knees)
Pain and stiffness increase in cold, damp weather

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62
Q

Treatment for arthritis

A

Antiflamatory medication
Local application of heat
ROM
Excercise and activity
Weight loss

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63
Q

Normal or abnormal: stomach irritation caused by medication

A

Abnormal

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64
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bones lose density. Break easily.
Lack of calcium

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65
Q

Osteoporosis is most common when?

A

After menopause

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66
Q

Menopause

A

Not having period for 12 months

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67
Q

Symptoms of osteoporosis

A

Low back pain
Stooped posture
Becoming shorter
Fractures

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68
Q

Prevent osteoporosis

A

Light excercise

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69
Q

How should you move someone with osteoporosis?

A

Very carefully. Their bones are fragile

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70
Q

Signs and symptoms of fracture

A

Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Changes in skin color
Limited movement

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71
Q

Speed as which older people heal

A

Slowly

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72
Q

THR

A

Total hip replacement
Replace head of long bone of leg (femur) where it joins hip

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73
Q

PWB

A

Partial weight bearing
Some weight on one or both legs

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74
Q

NWB

A

Non weight bearing
No weight on any legs

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75
Q

FWB

A

Both legs can support 100% of the weight on a step

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76
Q

To avoid injuries after thr surgery, residents should never

A

Cross their legs in bed or chair

Turn toes inward or outward

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77
Q

After hip replacement surgery, the hip cannot be bent or flexed more than ___º

A

90

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78
Q

Can hips be turned inward or outward after hip replacement surgery?

A

No

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79
Q

Abduction pillows can be used for __-___ weeks after surgery while patient sleeps

A

6-12

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80
Q

What do abduction pillows do?

A

Immobilizes and positions the hips

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81
Q

How should you transfer a resident after hip replacement surgery?

A

Keep pillow between their thighs so legs are separated.

Stand on strong side.

Strong side leads in pivoting, standing and sitting

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82
Q

How do you transfer a resident that had hip replacement surgery to a chair or toilet?

A

Straighten operative leg, lead with stronger leg. Then bring affected foot to walking position

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83
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: redness or bleeding in incision area

A

Abnormal

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84
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement : numbness tingling or swelling

A

Abnormal

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85
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: tenderness and swelling of calves of affected leg

A

Abnormal

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86
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: shortening or external rotation of affected leg

A

Abnormal

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87
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: abnormal vital signs, change in Temp

A

Abnormal

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88
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident can’t use equipment properly and safely

A

Abnormal

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89
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: resident isn’t following orders for activity and excercise

A

Abnormal

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90
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: problems with appetite

A

Abnormal

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91
Q

Normal or abnormal hip replacement: improvement

A

Normal, but should be reported

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92
Q

TKR

A

Total knee replacement
Putting in prosthetic knee. Relieves pain and motion. Stabilizes knees that buckle

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93
Q

SCD

A

Sequential compression device.
Squeezes and releases leg to prevent blood clots

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94
Q

Ankle pumps

A

Simple excercises that promote leg circulation.
Raise toes and feet towards ceiling and then back down

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95
Q

When should pain med be preferably given

A

Prior to moving and positioning

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96
Q

Parts or nervous system

A

CNS (central nervous system)
PNS (peripheral nervous system)

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97
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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98
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves that extend through body. Deals with sensations

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99
Q

Normal or abnormal:Sensitivity of nerve endings in skin decreases

A

Normal

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100
Q

Normal or abnormal: fatigue or pain with movement or excercise

A

Abnormal

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101
Q

Normal or abnormal: shaking or trembling

A

Abnormal

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102
Q

Normal or abnormal: inability to move one side of body

A

Abnormal

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103
Q

Normal or abnormal: difficulty speaking or slurring speech

A

Abnormal

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104
Q

Normal or abnormal: numbness or tingling

A

Abnormal

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105
Q

Normal or abnormal: disturbance or changes in loss of vision or hearing

A

Abnormal

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106
Q

Normal or abnormal: dizziness or loss of balance

A

Abnormal

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107
Q

CVA stands for

A

Cerebral vascular accident

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108
Q

What is a CVA

A

Blood supply to brain is blocked, leaks or ruptures.

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109
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Blood supply to part of brain is interrupted (obstruction does not burst)

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110
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis on one side

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111
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side

112
Q

One-sided neglect

A

Ignoring weak or paralyzed side

113
Q

Normal or abnormal: loss of ability to tell where affected body parts are

A

Abnormal

114
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing

115
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Difficulty understanding spoken or written words

116
Q

Emotional lability

A

Inappropriate emotional responses

117
Q

Normal or abnormal: loss of sensations

A

Abnormal

118
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

119
Q

Poor bladder control can be a consequence of

A

Stroke

120
Q

Strokes on one side affect

A

Opposite side

121
Q

How should you communicate with someone who had a stroke?

A

Ask yes or no questions
Use signals

122
Q

Progressive diseases

A

Get worse with time

123
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Muscles become stiff.
Tremors or shaking

124
Q

Signs of Parkinson’s

A

Stooped posture
Shuffling gait
“Pill rolling”
Shaking
Slurred speech
Soft monotone voice

125
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive disease that affects central nervous system.
Messages can’t be sent correctly to and from brain.
Myelin sheath affected

126
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Blurred vision
Fatigue
Tremors
Poor balance
Weakness
Numbness
Tingling
Incontinence
Behavior changes
Loss of function in arms or legs

127
Q

When is MS usually diagnosed?

A

Early adulthood

128
Q

Can MS be cured?

A

No, but it can be treated
Might be autoimmune

129
Q

Head injury problems

A

Intellectual disability
Personality changes
Coma
Memory loss
Loss of consciousness
Paresis
Paralysis

130
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness or partial paralysis. Loss of muscle function

131
Q

Paraplegia

A

Lower body and legs lose function

132
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Lost function in legs,trunk and arms

133
Q

True or false: paralyzed residents may have decreased sensation and might not feel burns

A

True

134
Q

What does lack of activity lead to?

A

Poor circulation and fatigue

135
Q

Major sense organs

A

Eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin

136
Q

Sense organs are part of ____ system

A

Nervous

137
Q

Normal or abnormal: eye pain or ear pain

A

Abnormal

138
Q

Normal or abnormal: change in vision or hearing

A

Abnormal

139
Q

Normal or abnormal: discharge from eyes or red or yellow eyes

A

Abnormal

140
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens become cloudy

141
Q

Glaucoma

A

Pressure increases in eye. Damages retina and optic nerve

142
Q

Signs of glaucoma

A

Severe pain, nausea, vomiting

143
Q

Symptoms of glaucoma

A

Blurred vision
Tunnel vision
Halos around lights

144
Q

HTN stands for

A

Hypertension

145
Q

Threshold for hypertension

A

130/80

146
Q

Major cause of hypertension

A

Atherosclerosis

147
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels

148
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

Headaches, blurred vision and dizziness

149
Q

Diuretics

A

Reduce fluids. Make you urinate. High BP

150
Q

CAD stands for

A

Coronary artery disease

151
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Blood vessels in coronary arteries narrow . Muscles can die

152
Q

Angina

A

Heart Muscle not getting enough oxygen causes chest pain or discomfort

Pressure or tightness left side

153
Q

Symptoms of angina

A

Pain in left arm or neck
Pain in jaw
Sweat, pale, dizzy

154
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

Opens arteries

155
Q

MI

A

Blood flow to heart is blocked
Myocardial infarction
Damaged

156
Q

True or false: residents after an MI can smoke

A

False

157
Q

True or false: residents after an MI can be in cold temperatures?

A

False

158
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

One or both sides of heart stop pumping blood properly

159
Q

When left side of heart is affected, blood flows into

A

Lungs

160
Q

When right side of heart is affected blood flows into

A

Legs, feet or abdomen

161
Q

Can CHF be treated?

A

Yes, medications can strengthen heart

162
Q

True or false CHF residents might have to restrict fluids or sodium

A

True

163
Q

True or false: weakened heart makes it harder to do physical activity

A

True

164
Q

What helps with breathing

A

Extra pillows,
Keeping head elevated

165
Q

True or false: common side effect of CHF medication is dizziness

A

True

166
Q

Does dizziness caused by CHF medication have to be reported?

A

Yes

167
Q

Many CHF medications deplete

A

Potassium

168
Q

PVD stands for

A

Peripheral vascular disease

169
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

Legs, feet, arms don’t have enough blood circulation

170
Q

What causes PVD?

A

Fatty deposits in blood vessels that harden

171
Q

Symptoms of pvd

A

Limbs feel cold
Blue nail beds or feet
Ulcers on legs and feet
Swelling hands and feet

172
Q

Risk factors for PVD

A

Smoking, diabetes
High cholesterol, hypertension, inactivity, obesity

173
Q

Respiration

A

Taking in O2 and Removing CO2

174
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficulty breathing

175
Q

How are residents with dyspnea more comfortable?

A

Sitting up rather than lying down

176
Q

Normal or abnormal: shallow breathing

A

Abnormal

177
Q

COPD

A

Hard time breathing and getting air out of lungs.

178
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Irritation and inflammation of bronchi
Usually caused by smoking

179
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic lung disease from cigarette smoking

180
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A

Coughing
Restlessness
Fast heartbeat

181
Q

Pneumonia

A

Illness caused by viral, bacterial or fungal infections. Acute inflammation in lung tissue

182
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A

Fever, chills, cough, sputum, chest pains, rapid pulse

183
Q

COPD symptoms

A

Coughing, wheezing, trouble breathing, cyanotic skin, confusion, anxiety

184
Q

Normal or abnormal: temp over 101

A

Abnormal

185
Q

Normal or abnormal: changes in breathing patterns

A

Abnormal

186
Q

Urinary system parts

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Meatus

187
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

Eliminates waste, maintains fluid balance

188
Q

Normal or abnormal: bladder doesn’t always empty

A

Normal

189
Q

Normal or abnormal: bladder holds less urine

A

Normal

190
Q

Urinary incontinence causes

A

Confined to bed, elderly, paralyzed, circulatory problems

191
Q

Normal or abnormal: incontinence

A

Abnormal

192
Q

___ is very irritating to the skin

A

Urine

193
Q

UTI

A

Infection of urethra, bladder, ureter or kidney

194
Q

GI tract is made of

A

GI tract and accessory organs

195
Q

3 functions of GI system

A

Digestion, absorbtion and elimination

196
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down food

197
Q

Absorption

A

Transfer of nutrients from intestines to cells

198
Q

Elimination

A

Getting rid of wastes

199
Q

In older people digestion is slower t/f?

A

True

200
Q

Fecal incontinence

A

Can’t control bowels

201
Q

When does constipation happen?

A

Feces move too slowly

202
Q

Signs of constipation?

A

Abnormal swelling,
Gas,
Irritability
No BMs recently

203
Q

Enema

A

Amount of water put into colon to eliminate stool

204
Q

Suppository

A

Medication given rectally to cause BM

205
Q

Fecal impaction

A

Hard stool can’t be expelled

206
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Inflamed veins in rectum

207
Q

GERD

A

Acid gets into esophagus. Can cause ulcers. Scars can make it difficult to swallow

208
Q

Residents with GERD should not lie down until___ hours after eating

A

2-3

209
Q

Ostomy

A

Opening from inside to outside.

210
Q

Colostomy and ileostomy

A

Surgical removal of intestines

211
Q

Stoma

A

Artificial opening where intestine comes out from.

Poop comes out

212
Q

Difference between colostomy and ileostomy

A

Colostomy semi solid stool
Ileostomy. Small intestine..liquid stool

213
Q

Can NAs give ostomy care?

A

No, unless specially trained

214
Q

Glands

A

Secrete and produce hormones

215
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances that control bodily functions

216
Q

Normal or abnormal: insulin production decreases with age

A

Normal

217
Q

Diabetes

A

Pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin or doesn’t use insulin

218
Q

Insulin

A

Moves glucose into cells

219
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin or too little insulin. Children and young adults

220
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Most common
Not enough insulin or doesn’t use it properly

221
Q

Type 2 diabetes develops at a ___ rate

A

Slow

222
Q

Prediabetes

A

Above normal blood sugar but not at diabetic levels

223
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

High blood sugar in pregnant women who don’t have diabetes

224
Q

What do NAs need to know about insulin

A

When it’s taken and when meals need to be served

225
Q

Gonads

A

Sex glands

226
Q

Normal or abnormal: prostate enlarges

A

Normal

227
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of vagina

228
Q

BPH

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Big prostrate squeezes urethra
Older men

229
Q

Nonspecific immunity

A

Protects from disease in general

230
Q

Specific immunity

A

Protects against particular disease

231
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Removes excess fluid and waste. Helps immune system

232
Q

Parts of lymphatic system

A

Lymph vessels
Lymph capillaries
Lymph

233
Q

Lymph

A

Clear yellowish liquid that has lymphocytes

234
Q

Normal or abnormal: response to vaccines decreases

A

Normal

235
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Attacks body immune system

Caused by HIV (human Immunodeficiency virus)

236
Q

AIDS is the ____ stage of HIV infection

A

Final

237
Q

When is a person considered to have AIDS

A

CD4+ lymphocyte count falls below 200
Tumors
Central nervous system infections

238
Q

Tumor

A

Abnormally growing cells

239
Q

A resident who has AIDS presents nausea and vomiting should

A

Drink liquids

240
Q

.

A
241
Q

Normal or abnormal: erectile dysfunction

A

Abnormal

242
Q

As a person ages the body is less able to handle ___

A

Stress

243
Q

Normal or abnormal:dulled sense of taste

A

Normal

244
Q

Normal or abnormal: decreased saliva

A

Normal

245
Q

Normal or abnormal: flatulence

A

Abnormal

246
Q

Why is female bladder more prone to infection

A

Urethra is shorter

247
Q

Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema are grouped under

A

COPD

248
Q

Common fear with COPD

A

Not being able to breathe

249
Q

Common side effect of CHF medications is

A

Dizziness

250
Q

Extra ___ may help residents who have trouble breathing

A

Oxygen

251
Q

CHF can be treated with

A

Medications

252
Q

Causes or hypertension

A
  1. Hardening and narrowing of blood vessels
  2. Kidney disease
  3. Adrenal gland tumors
  4. Pregnancy
253
Q

Normal or abnormal:changes in pulse rate

A

Abnormal

254
Q

Normal or abnormal: decreased ability to perform ADLs

A

Abnormal

255
Q

Normal or abnormal: decreased sense of heat and cold

A

Normal

256
Q

Normal or abnormal: slowing of body movement

A

Normal

257
Q

Can you apply lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy?

A

No

258
Q

Can you use mouthwash on residents who have Cancer?

A

No, use baking soda and water or prescribed rinse

259
Q

Type of utensils to use for chemo patients

A

Plastic

260
Q

Treatments for cancer include

A

Surgery,
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immuno therapy
Hormone therapy

261
Q

Early symptoms of HIV

A

Withdrawal
Avoidance
Mental slowness
AIDS dementia

262
Q

Person who has nausea and vomiting should avoid

A

High fat spicy foods

263
Q

Involuntary weight loss occurs in almost all people who have

A

AIDS

264
Q

For people with HIV medications must be taken at ,______ times

A

Precise

265
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV

A

No

266
Q

True or false not everyone with HIV will get aids

A

True

267
Q

It can take ____ for HIV to turn into AIDS

A

Years

268
Q

HIV symptoms

A

Flu, fever, muscle aches, cough, fatigue, swollen lymph glands

269
Q

AIDS symptoms

A

Painful white spots
Cold sores or fever blisters
Cauliflower warts on skin and mouth
Purple red brown skin lesions

270
Q

Nsaids

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs

271
Q

Nsaids can cause

A

Belly bleeds

272
Q

Calcium deposits

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

273
Q

True or false: endocrine system controls sugar levels

A

True

274
Q

Type 2 diabetes is common in

A

Obese, family history

275
Q

Decrease in estrogen may lead to loss of

A

Calcium

CNA (10 decks)

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