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ISAP > Module 2 - Skeletal system > Flashcards

Module 2 - Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what do the following prefixes mean:
intra-
meso-
peri-

A

intra= within
meso= middle
peri= around

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2
Q

what do the prefixes os/osteo mean

A

bone

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3
Q

what do the following suffixes mean:
-blast
-clast
-cyte

A

blast= create/ to form
clast= breakdown

cyte= cell

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4
Q

what are 4 connective tissues related to the skeletal system

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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5
Q

what are the 5 function of connective tissue that relate to the skeletal system

A
  • connects
  • supports moving parts
  • protection (bone protects immune cells)
  • store compounds (calcium and phosphate)
  • enclose separate tissues (eg. periosteum)
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6
Q

what are the 2 function of connective tissue that dont relate the the skeletal system

A
  • cushioning and insulation
  • transportation
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7
Q

what are the 6 major functions of the skeletal system

A
  • assists with movement
  • support
  • protection
  • mineral homeostasis
  • blood cell production
  • triglyceride storage
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8
Q

what are chondroblasts

A

cells that make cartilage

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9
Q

what are chondrocytes

A

cells that maintain the extracellular matrix and produce the matrix

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10
Q

what are the mature and immature cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts are immature
condrocytes are mature

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11
Q

what is lacunae

A

spaces in the cartilage matrix that host chondrocytes

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12
Q

what is the structure of cartilage

A

matrix (dense network of collagen and elastic fibres)
and fluid

note- it is fairly metabolically inactive and there is no direct blood supply

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13
Q

what are the key features of cartilage

A
  • avascular (nutrients comes from underlying bone)
  • no nerves
  • cartilage cells are formed from cells in the perichondrium (connective tissue covering cartilage) + these cells produce the matrix
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14
Q

describe the 2 types of cartilage growth

A

Appositional growth - cartilage added to the outside

Interstitial growth - chondrocytes within matrix divide and add more matrix between them

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15
Q

name the 3 types of cartilage and where are they needed

A

hyaline - areas where strong support and flexibility is needed

fibro - areas with lots of mechanical pressure (+mechanical stress)

elastic - where flexibility but rigidity is needed

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A
  • gelatinous, glossy cartilage with evenly distributed collagen fibres
  • found in ribcage and bronchi
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17
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrocartilage

A
  • more collagen bundles than hyaline
  • slightly compressible and very tough
  • found in the knee, jaw, intervertebral disks
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18
Q

what are the characteristics of elastic cartilage

A
  • matrix is similar to hyaline but has the addition of lots more elastic fibres
  • somewhat flexible
  • rigid
  • found in external ear, epiglottis, auditory tubes
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19
Q

Describe the relationship between cartilage cells

A
  • chondroblasts produce the matrix, once they are surrounded by it their name changes to chondrocytes and they stay in the lacunae
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20
Q

what are the 3 types of bone cells and what is their role

A

osteoblasts- bone forming cells, produce the matrix, found in the periosteum

osteocytes- maintain the matrix, located in lacunae

osteoclasts- bone destroying cells (specialised macrophages to break down matrix), large, multinucleated cells, originate in red bone marrow

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21
Q

how much of our bone matrix is organic and inorganic and what does this mean

A

35% organic and 65% inorganic

organic is made up of:
- collagen fibres and proteoglycans
- C,H,O,N
- made from carbs, proteins, lipid elements

inorganic is made up of:
- hydroxyapatite CaPO4 crystals
- Ca++ and PO4–
- made from absorbed inorganic ions

both are made by osteoblasts, the organic matter is also maintained by osteocytes

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22
Q

what is the process of making the bone matrix called

A

ossification/osteogenesis

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23
Q

why are mineral and collagen both needed in bone

A
  • minerals stop it from being too bendable, collagen stops it from being too brittle
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24
Q

describe the 2 types of bone growth + when they are used

A
  1. woven - collagen arranged randomly - used in fetal development and initial repair
  2. lamellar - collagen fibres are parallel within sheets and different sheets run in different directions - replaces woven bone
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25
Q

what are the 2 types of bone DEVELOPMENT

A
  1. intramembranous ossification - takes place within connective tissue membrane
  2. endochondral ossification - takes place within cartilage template
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26
Q

what is the embryonic precursor cell for bone

A

mesoderm / mesenchymal tissue

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27
Q

describe the steps in forming woven bone via intramembranous development in fetal development

A

mesenchymal cells in connective tissue-> osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts -> form woven bone

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28
Q

describe the process for endochondral ossification

A

Steps:
1.mesenchymal cells aggregate to become osteochondral progenitor cells
2. then differentiate to become chondroblasts (forming the cartilage framework)
3. blood vessels invade framework + osteochondral dells in perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts
4. osteoblasts move into calcified cartilage framework and deposit new bone matrix
5. osteoblasts and osteocytes produce woven bone - this step continues until 18/20yrs old

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29
Q

what are the 2 directions of bone growth

A

interstitial (between) - to make them longer
appositional (on top) - to make them wider/thicker

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30
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A

spongy and compact

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31
Q

describe spongy bone

A
  • appears porous, contains columns of trabeculae
  • weight bearing
  • surrounded by a sleeve of compact bone
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32
Q

where is spongy bone found

A
  • spine
  • articulating joints
  • ends of long bones
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33
Q

describe compact bone

A
  • it is the strongest part of the bone
  • basic unit is an osteon
  • there are less osteocytes
  • the osteocytes are located around the central canal not in lacunae (this is important for strength and support)
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34
Q

describe the composition of an osteon from innermost to outermost

A
  1. central canal
  2. concentric lamellae (around central canal)
  3. circumferential lamellae (around the surface of bone)
  4. lamellae interstitial (between osteons/remnants of previous osteons)
  5. perforating canal (connects periosteum BVs to central canal BVs
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35
Q

how do nutrients and waste travel within a bone

A
  • interstitial fluid of lacunae and canaliculi (smaller canals radiating outward from central canal)
  • from osteocyte to osteocyte by gap jumping
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36
Q

describe the path of blood flow to supply bones

A
  • arteries pass through periosteum into medulla (the cavity with bone marrow)
  • medullary arteries branch into ascending and descending
    *blood moves into capillaries via perforating canals
    *and move into the central canal.
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37
Q

what are the 4 bone classifications by shape

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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38
Q

what are the features of flat bones

A
  • no diaphysis (shaft) or epiphyses (end knob)
  • sandwich of spongy bone between compact bone
  • some have sinuses
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39
Q

what are the features of short and irregular bones

A
  • no diaphysis (shaft)
  • whole structure is similar to the epiphysis
  • compact bone surrounding spongy centre
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40
Q

what are the features of long bones

A
  • have a diaphysis and epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plate - hyaline cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis ( present until growth stops and then the cartilage is replaced by bone and is call the epiphyseal line
  • it has a medullary cavity that contains bone marrow
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41
Q

what is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow and when do we have them

A

children have red bone marrow everywhere
adults have red marrow everywhere except in the limb bones and skull where it turns yellow
- the difference comes from a change in adipose content

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42
Q

what are the 3 classes of fibrous joints and how do they join bones

A

suture - opposing bones interdigitate (like clasping hands) eg. coronal suture
syndesmosis - bones joined by ligaments eg. tibiofibular
gomphosis - pegs fitting into sockets eg. teeth

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43
Q

what are the 2 classes of cartilaginous joints and how do they join bones

A

synchondrosis - 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilages eg. epiphyseal plate or ribs to sternum

symphysis - 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage eg. intervertebral or symphysis pubis

44
Q

what are the 3 classifications of joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

45
Q

what classes of joints have NO movement and what class is freely moveable

A

NO movement - fibrous suture and symphysis
free movement - synovial

46
Q

describe a synovial joint

A
  • has a joint cavity filled with lubricating synovial fluid
  • all contain the following structures/ features:
  • bone
  • articular cartilage (covering bones where there is contact)
  • tendon
  • joint cavity and joint capsule
  • tendon
  • bursa (extension of joint cavity that acts as a cushion)
47
Q

what 4 features vary the stability of the synovial joint

A
  • depth of joint cavity
  • ligaments and tendons crossing the joint
  • tension of muscles crossing the joint
  • complementary shape of the articulating surfaces
48
Q

why does the shoulder joint have less stability but more mobility than the hip joint

A

it has a shallow joint cavity

49
Q

is calcium organic or inorganic and what form is it found in in bones, what happens if a bone is decalcified

A

it is inorganic because it is a mineral and it is found in hydroxyapatite,
without calcium it would be bendy

50
Q

if you burnt a bone what would be left behind and how would it feel

A

it would leave behind the inorganic parts (organic bits burn) and the bone would be very brittle

51
Q

what is the periosteum

A

a layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the bones surface (where there is not articular cartilage) that supports blood and nerve supply.
- 2 layers: outer is fibrous and inner is a single layer of bone cells
- tendons are continuous with periosteum

52
Q

what role of the periosteum

A
  • protect the bone
  • contain cells for bone formation
53
Q

what is found in the central canal of an osteon

A
  • blood and nerves
54
Q

what are some flat bones that develop via intramembranous ossification

A

occipital, parietal and temporal skull bones

55
Q

what are 2 long bones that develop via endochondral ossification

A

all bones in the arms and legs + phalanges

56
Q

what is the bone between the temporal bone and zygomatic bone

A

sphenoid bone

57
Q

in which bone do we find the Foramen magnum

A

occipital bone

58
Q

in which bone do we find the External auditory meatus what is it

A

temporal bone - for the ear hole

59
Q

where do you find the pituitary fossa or sella turcica and what is it

A

in the sphenoid bone, it is a saddle shaped depression that the pituitary gland sits in

60
Q

identify the spinous process in a vertebrae

A

pointy stick out the top (pointing posteriorly)

61
Q

identify the transverse processes in a vertebrae

A

project laterally from each side

62
Q

where are the lamina and pedicle

A

the lamina joins the spinal process and the transverse process and the pedicle joins the body and the transverse process

63
Q

what is distinguishing about lumbar vertebrae, how many do we have and what is its purpose

A
  • large body + short spinous process
  • 5
  • weight and load bearing, muscle attachment
64
Q

what is distinguishing about cervical vertebrae, how many do we have and what is its purpose

A
  • small in size, have a transverse foramen (holes next to the body)
  • 7
  • support the weight of our head, for vertebral arteries
65
Q

what is distinguishing about thoracic vertebrae, how many do we have and what is its purpose

A
  • large round body, long spinous process, circular vertebral foramen.
  • 12
  • for muscle attachment and hold the spinal cord
66
Q

how many sacral and coccyx vertebrae do we have

A

5 sacral (fused)
1 vertebrae (3-5 bones semifused)

67
Q

what is the tubercle of the ribs

A

a small prominence on the posterior side of the rib between the head and neck that is the corresponding articulating surface to the transverse projection of the numerically equal vertebrae.

68
Q

how many ribs do we have and how are they ordered

A

1-12 superior-inferior

69
Q

what are the characteristics of high, medium and low ribs and how many do we have of each

A

high (1-2) tight curve, short, flat horizontally
middle (3-10) large curve, long, flattened vertically
low (11-12) slight curve, very short, flattened vertically

70
Q

what are the parts of the sternum ordered superiorly to inferiorly

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
71
Q

what are the names of each side of the scapula is a defining difference

A

Costal = anterior (facing cartilage) -
Dorsal = posterior (dorsal fin)
dorsal side has the scapular spine

72
Q

what is the acromion process

A

projection off the top corner of the scapular from the scapular spine

73
Q

what does the clavicle join to medially and laterally

A

medial = sternum
lateral = scapula

74
Q

how many carpal bones are there

A

8 in each hand

75
Q

how many metacarpals in each hand and how are the numbered

A

5 - lateral to medial (thumb to pinky)

76
Q

what 3 bones make up the coxal bones, and what is the common term for coxal bones/ os coxae

A
  • Hip bones:
  • pubis, ilium, ishium
77
Q

which of the hip bones do you sit on

A

ishium

78
Q

what is the pelvic girdle

A

the ring of bone formation of the pelvis

79
Q

what is the pubic symphysis and what type of joint is it

A
  • articulation that joins the 2 os coxae anteriorly (little gap at the front of the pelvic girdle)
  • it is a cartilaginous joint that allows slight movement (childbirth)
80
Q

what is the name for the heel bone

A

Calcaneus

81
Q

how are the metatarsals numbered

A

medially to laterally (big toe to pinky toe)

82
Q

what are the 5 types of movement that are possible at the shoulder joint

A
  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • rotation
83
Q

what factors effect bone growth

A
  • shape and size are determined genetically
  • can be influenced by: nutrition, hormones, exercise
84
Q

how does lack of nutrients affect bones

A
  • can cause bones to be smaller
85
Q

what does vit D do for bones

A
  • necessary for absorption of calcium from intestines
86
Q

what does Vit C do for bones

A
  • necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, a lack of it can causde scurvy
87
Q

what is the relationship between Vit A and bones

A
  • excess can have neg effects on bone health
88
Q

how does vit K affect bones

A

can modify several bone matrix proteins

89
Q

what is the correct blood level of Ca++

A

9-11mg/100ml

90
Q

what are 3 function of Ca++

A
  • release of neurotransmitters
  • muscle contraction
  • blood clotting (enzyme cofactor)
91
Q

what are the daily requirements of calcium intake for men over and under 50 yrs

A

over 50 = 1200 mg / day
under 50 = 1000 mg /day

92
Q

what are the daily requirements of calcium intake for women over and under 50 yrs

A

over 50 = 1300 mg / day
under 50 = 1000 mg / day

93
Q

what factors influence the changing of bones

A
  • activity
  • stress
  • Ca++ regulation
  • bone repair
94
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system

A

Axial (80 bones) - skull, vertebral column and rib cage

Appendicular (126 bones) - arm and leg bones

95
Q

what are the condyle and facet of a bone

A

condyle is a smooth rounded articular surface
facet is a small flattened articular surface
(they are the pivotal points)

96
Q

what is a bone projection

A

a raised area for attachment of muscle or ligaments

97
Q

what is a bone process

A

prominent projection

98
Q

what is a tubercle

A

small round bump

99
Q

what is a tuberosity

A

knob

100
Q

what is a trochanter

A

tuberosity on proximal femur

101
Q

what is an epicondyle

A

near or above a condyle (smooth rounded articular surface)

102
Q

describe 2 key features of sutures

A
  • periosteum is continuous between bones
  • in adults they may ossify completely
103
Q

what is a key feature differentiating syndesmosis from sutures

A
  • bones are further apart and are joined by ligaments
104
Q

what are the 4 movement classifications at synovial joints

A
  • gliding
  • angular (flexion or extension)
  • circular (rotation, pronation vs supination, circumduction)
  • combination
105
Q

describe the types of circular movement at synovial joints

A

rotation - medial or lateral rotation
pronation - into prone position
supination - into supine position
circumduction - widest movement possible that reflects flexibility of action of joint

106
Q

what are the 4 pairs of specialised movement

A
  • elevation and depression
  • protraction vs retraction (underbite vs overbite)
  • inversion vs eversion
  • opposition vs reposition ( touch pinky and thumb vs anatomical position)
107
Q
A

ISAP (7 decks)

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