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NPTE Exam > Cardiopulmonary: Study Set 3 > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary: Study Set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are absolute indications to terminate an exercise stress test.

A

drop in SBP greater than ten mm Hg
mod angina - 3 on a scale of 4
increasing ataxia, dizziness, etc.
signs of cyanosis or pallor
sustained ventricular tachycardia - fast HR

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2
Q

how long is a normal PR interval

A

.12 to .2

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3
Q

what is a normal QRS interval

A

.O6 to .1O

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4
Q

What does homan’s sign testing for and how do you perform it

A

DVT
passively DF the foot at the ankle with the knee straight

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5
Q

What are the two major principles of exercise training that are applied to aerobic exercise training

A

overload principle and specificity
overload - a tissue must be exposed to a stress or load greater than normal to improve its function
specificity - long term adaptations to the metabolic and physiologic systems derived from exercise are specific to the exercises performed and the muscles involved.

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6
Q

What are the two methods of determining the level of intensity to set aerobic exercise training

A

Taking the upper and lower limits of
HR max and
HR reserve or Karvonen formula

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7
Q

What is the formula of finding the upper and lower limits of HR max

A

HRmax x 55% and HRmax x 90%

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7
Q

What is the formula for finding the upper and lower limits for HR reserve

A

[(HRmax - HR rest) x 40%] + HR rest
[(HRmax - HR rest) x 85%] + HR rest

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7
Q

True or False

When it comes to prescribing aerobic exercise, the intensity is dependent on the duration.

A

FALSE

the duration is dependent on the intensity.

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8
Q

how long should low intensity exercise be done for

A

greater than thirty minutes

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9
Q

how long should high intensity exercise be done for

A

twenty minutes or longer.

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10
Q

what intensity and duration for aerobic exercise is recommended for adults not competing in athletic competition

A

moderate intensity over longer duration.

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11
Q

How frequent should someone participate in aerobic exercise

A

3-5 times a week

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12
Q

What are normal cardiorespiratory responses to acute aerobic exercise

A

increase in blood flow and RR and tidal volume
linear increase in SBP with workload - 8 to 10 mmHg per MET
no change or moderate decrease in DBP

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13
Q

True or False

A stronger pulse will be felt when there is increased stroke volume

A

true

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14
Q

what fingers are used to asses peripheral arterial pulses

A

index or middle finger

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15
Q

How long should you count pulses when palpating peripheral arterial pulses in someone with regular rhythms and irregular rhythms

A

regular - count for 15 sec and multiply by four
irregular - count for sixty seconds

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16
Q

Where should you palpate to find the carotid pulse

A

the medial aspect of the SCM in the lower half of the neck

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17
Q

Where should you palpate to find the brachial pulse

A

medial to the biceps tendon and lateral to the medial epicondyle of the humerus

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18
Q

Where should you palpate to find the radial pulse

A

at the wrist lateral to the flexor carpi radialis tendon

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19
Q

Where should you palpate to find the ulnar pulse

A

at the wrist, between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris tendons

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20
Q

Where should you palpate to find the femoral pulse

A

in the upper thigh, one third of the distance from the pubis to the anterior superior iliac crest

21
Q

Where should you palpate to find the popliteal pulse

A

in the popliteal space of the posterior knee

22
Q

Where should you palpate to find the posterior tibial pulse

A

in the space between the medial malleolus and the achilles tendon, above the calcaneus

23
Q

Where should you palpate to find the Dorsalis pedis

A

Near the center of the long axis of the foot between the first and second metatarsal bones

24
Q

What are the normal heart rates of
1. an infant
2. a child
3. adult
4. bradycardia
5. tachycardia

A
  1. an infant - 100 to 130
  2. a child - 80 to 100
  3. adult - 60 to 100
  4. bradycardia - less than 60
  5. tachycardia - more than 100
25
Q

How would you grade the volume or amplitude of pulses

A

3+ for large or bounding pulses
2+ for normal
1+ small or reduced pulses
0 for absent pulses

26
Q

if a PT wanted to auscultate the aortic valve, where would they place the stethoscope

A

2nd intercostal space at the right sternal border

27
Q

if a PT wanted to auscultate the pulmonic valve, where would they place the stethoscope

A

2nd intercostal space at the left sternal border

28
Q

if a PT wanted to auscultate the mitral valve, where would they place the stethoscope

A

5th intercostal space medial to the left midclavicular line

29
Q

if a PT wanted to auscultate the tricuspid valve, where would they place the stethoscope

A

4th intercostal space at the left sternal border

30
Q

what heart valves close to produce S1

A

mitral and tricuspid

31
Q

what do s1 heart sounds sound like

A

high frequency sound with lower pitch and longer duration

32
Q

what do s2 heart sounds sound like

A

high frequency sound with higher pitch and shorter duration

33
Q

what heart valves close to produce S2 heart sounds

A

aortic and pulmonary

34
Q

S3 heart sounds are known as (atrial/ventricular) gallop and S4 heart sounds are known as (atrial/ventricular)

A

S3 are ventricular
S4 are aortic

35
Q

True or false

s3 heart sounds are normal in children but are abnormal in adults and is associated with heart failure.

A

true

36
Q

True or false

heart murmurs are longer in duration than the heart sounds

A

true

37
Q

What is an atherectomy

A

a surgical procedure similar to a balloon angioplasty except it has a rotating shaver to cute away plaque from the artery and increase blood flow

38
Q

what is an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator -AICD

A

another version of a pacemaker

39
Q

what is a balloon angioplasty

A

inserting a balloon tipped catheter into an artery to expand is and decrease plaque build up

40
Q

what is a balloon valvuloplasty

A

this is like a balloon angioplasty except its for the walls of stenotic heart valves

41
Q

what is a cardiac ablation

A

this is a sx procedure that uses chemicals or radio frequencies to burn off areas of the myocardium that have been causing cardiac arrhythmias

42
Q

What type of cardiac arrhythmia are cardiac ablation used for

A

tachycardia in which medicine isn’t helping or in wolff parkinson white syndrome

43
Q

What is a cardioversion

A

electrical shocks are given through a diffibrillator and electrodes on the chest to restore normal heart rhythm for tachyarrhythmias

44
Q

What is enhanced extracorporeal counterpulsation - EECP

A

pressure cuffs around the ankles are inflated to compress the veins and arteries with venous return to the heart

45
Q

What is a VAD or ventricular assist device

A

a pump is placed in the chest to provide mechanical support to the ventricle. Typically used while a pt is waiting for a heart transplant or is permanently used for those with heart failure.

46
Q

What is a bullae and what is a bullectomy

A

a bullae is a large air space that is created after alveoli are destroyed secondary to emphysema.

a bullectomy remove the bullae and improve breathing

47
Q

what is lobectomy

A

removal of a lob of one lung

48
Q

What pt conditions are at the top of the list to receive a lung transplant

A

end stage COPD
cystic fibrosis or pulmonary fibrosis
other serious lung diseases with no serious comorbidities

49
Q

What is a lung volume reduction surgery

A

a sx procedure in which a portion of the lung is removed after it has been damaged by emphysema. this helps create space for the rest of the diaphragm to work more efficiently

50
Q

When is oxygen therapy indicated

A

In patients with oxygen saturation less than 88% or with a PaO2 of 55mmHg or less

51
Q
A

NPTE Exam (54 decks)

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