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z. CAR 1 > Larynx & hyoid apparatus > Flashcards

Larynx & hyoid apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

what is the larynx

A

cartilaginous tube at the base of the throat acting as a valve, sound maker and pressure control

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2
Q

describe the location of the larynx

A
  • ventral to the laryngopharynx (start of the esophagus)
  • caudal to the tongue
  • suspended by the hyoid apparatus
  • easily palpable caudal to the jaw
  • in horses and ruminant, between the rami of the mandible
  • in carnivores and pigs, in the neck
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3
Q

describe the orientation of structures surrounding the larynx

A
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4
Q

what are the functions of the larynx

A
  • connection of nasal part of pharynx and trachea
  • breathing/respiration
  • protection of lower airways
  • swallowing
  • straining
  • coughing
  • formation of voice, phonation
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5
Q

describe the fixation of the hyoid

A
  • suspended by the hyoid bones which articulate with the base of the skull (temporal bone)
  • linked by synovial joints or cartilagenous joints
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6
Q

why is the hyoid different in the horse than the dog and why is it significant

A

in the horse, the stylahyoid is very large and has no mechanical joint with the epihyoid (epihyoid is vestigial)
this makes it so that the hyoid is less able to swing back and forth

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7
Q

list the bones of the hyoid in order of how they articulate from the temporal bone to the trachea

A
  • typanohyoid bone
  • stylohyoid bone
  • epihyoid (vestigial in horses)
  • ceratohyoid
  • basihyoid (unparied)
  • thyrohyoid

mnemonic: today someone erupted come before ten

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8
Q

list the tissues present in the larynx

A
  • hyaline and elastic cartilage (skeleton of the larynx)
  • collagenous and elastic ligaments
  • striated musculature
  • mucous membrane
  • vessels
  • nerves
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9
Q

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus

A

Holds the larynx in place and supports the pharynx and tongue from the skull.

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10
Q

describe the divisions of the laryngeal cavity

A

red: Cavity of the Larynx: hourglass shape.
ntrance to the larynx-Vestibule medianus recess (horse, pig)

green: Glottis lateral ventricle, describes hole, arytenoid cartilage is seal (dog, horse, pig), glottic cleft

purple: Infraglottic cavity

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11
Q

label theanatomy seen in a endoscopic view

A
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12
Q

what structure provides the major seal of the larynx

A

the vocal folds

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13
Q

Describe what makes up the mucosa of the larynx and where it is found

A

Mucosa = Epithelium + Lamina propria

Stratified squamous at the entrance (epiglottis) and on the folds-
solid food passing over. Other areas: pseudostratified ciliated.

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14
Q

Describe the shape and location of the hyaline and elastic cartilages of the larynx

A

hyaline cartilage
- thyroid: U shaped
- Cricoid: signet ring shaped
- paired arytenoids (also have elastic cartilage: sort of triangular

elastic cartilage
- epiglottis: leaf shaped

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15
Q

what are the palpable landmarks of the larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage cranio-ventral in the midline
  • cricoid cartilage caudoventral
  • first cartilage of the trachea
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16
Q

Describe the connections within the larynx

A

connections between themselves
connections with trachea and hypoid bones
- Joints- cartilaginous or synovial.
- Collagenous & elastic ligaments.
- Striated musculature.

Principle of naming- names of connected structures, e.g. crico- tracheal ligament. Dorsal crico- arytenoid muscle.

17
Q

Identify the synovial joints of the larynx

A

both synovial joints

18
Q

identify the ligaments of the arytenoid cartilages

A

moved when the arytenoids move:
- rostral: vestibular ligament vestibular fold
- caudal: vocal ligament vocal fold

19
Q

Describe the role of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Intrinsic muscles: between laryngeal cartilages. Involved in: respiration and phonation

Extrinsic muscles: connect the larynx to hyoid bones, pharynx and sternum. Involved in: swallowing.

20
Q

list the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their functions

A

widening the glottis: cricoarytenoideus dorsalis (2)
narrowing the glottis: Cricothyroideus (1) and Cricoarytenoideus lateralis (3)

21
Q

what is clinically relevant about cricoartenoideus lateralis

A
  • closes the glottis
  • prevents debris from entering the trachea
  • particularly strong in cats! why you need to apply lidocaine before placing ET tube in cats otherwise will damage!!
22
Q

why is the cricoartenoideus dorsalis muscles important and what is its clinical relevance

A
  • the only muscle that widens the glottis
  • supplied by the reccurent laryngeal nerve
  • if paralysed, cant widen the glottis on both sides (paralysis usually to one side)
  • CR: left laryngeal hemiplegia in racehorses = descreased respirartory ability as can fully widen glottis
23
Q

desribe the innervation of the larynx

A

there are 2 nerves on each side:
cranial laryngeal nerve, stemming from vagus:
- supplied sensory innervation of the laryngeal mucous membrane
- motor innervation of the cricothyroideus

recurrent or caudal laryngeal nerve:
- ascends the neck after leaving the vagus
- innervation of all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroideus

24
Q

Describe the mechanisms to protect the laryngeal entrance

A
  • Larynx is drawn rostrally and moved dorsally
  • Epiglottis tilts backwards by coming against the root of the tongue.
  • Epiglottis partially covers the laryngeal entrance.
  • Arytenoid cartilages approach each other.
  • Inhibition of respiration.
  • Main seal is closure of the glottis.
25
Q

Describe condition this horse has and what clinical signs would be present

A

Left laryngeal hemiplegia
This horse makes a continuous roaring or whistling noise during inspiration at exercise (when leading leg is lifted from ground).

25
Q

what are the functions of the closed glottis

A
  • closure during swallowing
  • sudden opening permits coughing
  • closure important during straining (defecation, partuition, micturition, lifting/pushing)
  • important for eructation and rumination in ruminants
26
Q

Describe the larynx and syrinx in birds

A

Larynx- consists of cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. No vocal folds => no creation of sound. Glottis can be closed to prevent food particles entering larynx/trachea.

Syrinx- located at the tracheal bifurcation, Involved in sound production, is a vibrating membrane. Asymmetric in ducks.

27
Q

label

A
28
Q
A
  1. Stylohyoid
  2. Epihyoid
  3. Lingual process
  4. Ceratohyoid
  5. Epiglottis
  6. Artenoids (behind thumbs)
  7. Soft palate
  8. Vocal folds
  9. Dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
  10. Cricoid cartilage
29
Q

Label the larynx cartilages in this diagram:

A

z. CAR 1 (81 decks)

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