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ULTRASOUND > Weeks 1-2 // Introduction & UTZ Physics > Flashcards

Weeks 1-2 // Introduction & UTZ Physics Flashcards

1
Q

the ability of a certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress

A

piezoelectric effect

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2
Q

the speed and the direction of motion of an object

A

velocity

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3
Q

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time; also, the number of cycles or vibrations undergone during one unit of time by a body in periodic motion

A

frequency

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4
Q

distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave

A

wavelength

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5
Q

measures the number of wave cycles (or frequency) passing through a given point in a second

A

velocity

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6
Q

pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy travelling through a medium as it propagates away from the source of the sound

A

soundwave

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7
Q

refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal

A

attenuation

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8
Q

resistance to the propagation of ultrasound waves through tissues

A

acoustic impedance

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9
Q

used to describe the reflection and transmission of acoustic waves at interfaces of two materials with mismatched impedances

A

acoustic mismatch

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10
Q

the subjective perception of sound pressure

A

sound intensity notation

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11
Q

he provides the first published work on medical ultrasonics in Austria in 1942 on transmission ultrasound investigation

A

Dr. Karl Theodore Dussik

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12
Q

his work in Glasgow in the mid 1950s did much to facilitate the development of practical technology and applications that led to the wider use of ultrasound in medical practice in the subsequence decades

A

Professor Ian Donald

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13
Q

he is an Italian physicist that uses soundwaves to determine the position of objects that first appeared in the 1794

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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14
Q

he studied how bats managed to fly in total darkness and theorized that the nocturnal creatures were dependent on using sound to navigate

A

Lazaro Spallanzani

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15
Q

they determined that by applying electrical currents to quartz crystal they produce sound, more specifically, ultrasonic waves

A

Jacques and Pierre Curie

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16
Q

he is a russian physicist that was first to conceptualize using ultrasound for imaging techniques in 1928

A

Sy Sokolov

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17
Q

he was more interested in using the method to find imperfections in metallic structures than for saving lives through diagnostics

A

Sy Sokolov

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18
Q

he is an american scientist that was one of the first to use ultrasound imaging techniques

A

George Ludwig

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19
Q

his research is about gall stones, he turned ultrasound to detect the masses when they were embedded in soft tissue and his analysis in using these soundwaves on animal tissues helped the next scientist down the line

A

George Ludwig

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20
Q

he was the first to fused ultrasound with diagnostic medicine in 1956

A

Ian Donald

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21
Q

it is the device held close to the body

A

transducer

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22
Q

the reflected soundwaves are calculated by a computer and interpreted by a __________

A

the reflected soundwaves are calculated by a computer and interpreted by a SONOGRAM

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23
Q

the ____ makes sure that there are no air pockets between your skin and the transducer, such air pockets could block the soundwaves and prevent the ultrasound from imaging correctly

A

the GEL makes sure that there are no air pockets between your skin and the transducer, such air pockets could block the soundwaves and prevent the ultrasound from imaging correctly

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24
Q

ultrasound produces biological effects by two tissue interactions:

A

heating and cavitation

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25
Q

it is caused by the mechanical friction of the tissue moving during passing of the ultrasonic wave

A

heating

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26
Q

is the production and collapse of small bubbles in the inter and intracellular tissue fluid

A

cavitation

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27
Q

is the perimeter of a circle and is also expressed as unit of length

A

circumference

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28
Q

units of length

A

km
m
cm

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29
Q

units of area

A

square meter
square cm

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30
Q

unit of volume

A

cubic meter
square millimeter

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31
Q

unit of time

A

seconds
milliseconds

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32
Q

unit of speed

A

meter per seconds m/s
millimeters per microsecond

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33
Q

unit of powers

A

watts

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34
Q

unit of work

A

joule

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35
Q

unit of acoustic impendance

A

rayls

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36
Q

sonography comes from the latin word ____ and ______

A

sonography comes from the latin word SONUS and GRAPHIEN

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37
Q

sonus

A

sound

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38
Q

graphien

A

to write

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39
Q

it is medical imaging that uses non-ionizing high frequency soundwaves to generate image of a particular structure

A

sonography

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40
Q

first contact compound B-scanner which uses olive oil as a lubricant was developed

A

late 1950s

41
Q

early utz equipment visual displays used _________ which produced bi-stable images

A

early utz equipment visual displays used OSCILLOSCOPES which produced bi-stable images

42
Q

gray scale imaging was introduced

A

1970

43
Q

real time scanning systems were introduced

A

mid 1970s

44
Q

application of doppler technique were introduced

A

1980s

45
Q

is a travelling variation in or more quantities such as pressure

A

wave

46
Q

_______ are usually produced by something moving back and forth or vibrating

A

WAVE are usually produced by something moving back and forth or vibrating

47
Q

two major categories of wave phenomena

A

mechanical wave
electromagnetic wave

48
Q

can be transmitted and produced by matter in any form, can travel only through matter

A

mechanical wave

49
Q

can travel either through matter or through empty space

A

electromagnetic wave

50
Q

waves are divided into two basic types

A

longitudinal and trasnverse

51
Q

motion of the particles in a medium is parallel to the direction of wave propagation

A

longitudinal

52
Q

motion of the particles in a medium is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

A

transverse

53
Q

it is a travelling variation of pressure and density

A

sound

54
Q

regions of low pressure and density

A

rarefactions

55
Q

regions of high pressure and density

A

compressions

56
Q

distance between two consecutive identical positions in the wave

A

wavelength

57
Q

unit of wavelength

A

mm

58
Q

the number of cycles per second performed by the particles in the medium in response to wave passing through it

A

frequency

59
Q

unit of frequency

A

Hertz (Hz)

60
Q

is from the Latin word meaning below

A

infra

61
Q

is from the Latin word meaning beyond

A

ultra

62
Q

___________ frequency are absorbed more rapidly than lower lower frequencies

A

HIGHER FREQUENCY are absorbed more rapidly than lower lower frequencies

63
Q

_________ _________ have shorter wavelength

A

HIGHER FREQUENCIES have shorter wavelength

64
Q

_________ ________ can distinguish between reflectors that are closer together

A

SHORTER WAVELENGTHS can distinguish between reflectors that are closer together

65
Q

____ ________ have better penetration

A

LOW FREQUNCIES have better penetration

66
Q

________ _________ have better spatial resolution but limited penetration

A

HIGHER FREQUENCIES have better spatial resolution but limited penetration

67
Q

the time it takes for one cycle to occue

A

period

68
Q

ultrasound common unit:

A

microsecond

69
Q

period and frequency is _______ proportional

A

period and frequency is INVERSERLY proportional

70
Q

period _______ as frequency ________

A

period DECREASES as frequency INCREASES

71
Q

refers to the relationship of one wave to another

A

phase

72
Q

ultrasound waves whose wave fronts are at the same position

A

in phase

73
Q

ultrasound waves whose wave fronts are out of position

A

out of phase

74
Q

the interaction of two or more ultrasound beams having different frequency and/or phase

A

interference

75
Q

two types of interference

A

constructive and destructive

76
Q

it occurs when ultrasound waves of the same frequency are in phase, resulting in increased amplitude and it increases the intensity of the ultrasound beam

A

constructive interference

77
Q

it occurs when ultrasound waves of the same frequency are out of phase, resulting in decreased amplitude and this interference contributes to ultrasound attenuation

A

destructive interference

78
Q

are measurable quantities that vary within a medium as sound propagates through the medium

A

acoustic variables

79
Q

acoustic being derived from greek word for _______

A

acoustic being derived from greek word for HEARING

80
Q

4 acoustic variables

A

pressure
density
particle motion
temperature

81
Q

amount of force in a given area

A

pressure

82
Q

concentration of heat energy

A

temperature

83
Q

concentration of matter

A

density

84
Q

distance moved by the molecules in the medium

A

particle motion

85
Q

it is the maximum variation that occurs in a acoustic variable that also measures of how far variable gets away from its normal, undisturbed value

A

amplitude

86
Q

the rate at which work is done or the rate of flow of energy through a given area

A

power

87
Q

power per unit area

A

intensity

88
Q

speed at which sound moves through a medium

A

propagation speed

89
Q

4 sound propagation properties

A

elasticity
density
bulk modulus
compressibility

90
Q

refers to the ability of an object to return to its original shape and volume after a force is no longer acting on it

A

elasticity

91
Q

indicates the fractional decrease in volume when pressure is applied to the material

A

compressibility

92
Q

mass per unit volume

A

density

93
Q

reciprocal of compressibility

A

bulk modulus

94
Q

stiffness of the medium

A

bulk modulus

95
Q

resistance of a material to compression

A

sitffness

96
Q

property of a substance which describes how particles of that substance behave when subjected to a soundwave

A

acoustic impedance

97
Q

gives the proportion of energy reflected from an interface between two substances

A

intensity reflection coefficient

98
Q

fraction of the incident intensity transmitted into the second medium

A

intensity transmission coefficient

99
Q

difference in acoustic impedance between two substances

A

acoustic impedance mismatch

ULTRASOUND (6 decks)

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